National Emergency under Article 352: grounds, Articles 358 and 359, and the 44th Amendment

Background

India was placed under a state of Emergency under Article 352 of the Constitution between 25 June 1975 and 21 March 1977. At that time, Article 352 allowed the President to declare Emergency on three grounds: war, external aggression, or internal disturbance. The 44th Constitutional Amendment in 1978 replaced "internal disturbance" with "armed rebellion". Article 358 suspended protections under Article 19, while Article 359 allowed the state to suspend enforcement of fundamental rights under Articles 14, 21, and 22.