6 October 2026
Saudi Arabia, Turkiye and Pakistan agreed on Monday to activate collective deterrence measures under the Mecca Alliance for Defence.
Their defence and foreign ministers met in Riyadh in an emergency meeting.
It is the first time the alliance has been invoked since it was signed on 7 August.
The pact treats an attack on any one of the three as an attack on all, as in NATO's founding treaty.
A joint statement said the countries would provide agreed forces and ensure their rapid deployment to Saudi Arabia.
The move came as Saudi-backed Yemeni government forces began a counteroffensive against the Houthis.
Pact signed:
7 August
Members:
Saudi Arabia, Turkiye, Pakistan
Meeting venue:
Riyadh
Why it matters for exams: A collective-defence pact like NATO's is a standard topic in international security.
UPSC
In plain words
Collective defence Attack on one is treated as attack on all — The core promise of NATO's founding treaty, mirrored by this pact.
6 October 2026
A ship carrying corn caught fire and sank in Romania's exclusive economic zone in the Black Sea on Monday.
Romania said two crew members died and 11 were rescued; it did not name a cause.
Azerbaijani and Indian nationals were reported to be among those on board.
Romania, a NATO member, has reported several drone incursions this year as Russia and Ukraine launch hundreds of drones and missiles.
The sinking has fuelled concern that the war in Ukraine could spill over onto NATO's eastern flank.
Crew killed:
2
Crew rescued:
11
Cargo:
corn
Why it matters for exams: Shows why Black Sea incidents near NATO members are watched for spillover from the Ukraine war.
UPSC
In plain words
Exclusive economic zone EEZ — A coastal state's sea zone of up to 200 nautical miles where it has rights over resources.
6 October 2026
A Nigerian military aircraft crashed in Ondo State on Monday morning, killing 32 people.
The plane, an ATR-42, was flying from Benin City to Lagos with 25 passengers and seven crew.
Air traffic controllers lost contact at 09:13 local time; wreckage was found near the naval base at Igbokoda.
President Bola Tinubu declared three days of national mourning and ordered flags at half-mast.
He also ordered a full investigation into the crash.
Aviation Minister Festus Keyamo said the aircraft's tail number was NGR 931.
People killed:
32
Passengers and crew:
25 passengers, 7 crew
National mourning:
3 days
Why it matters for exams: Names the officeholders and shows how a national mourning declaration works.
UPSC
In plain words
ATR-42 A twin-turboprop regional aircraft — The type of plane involved in the crash.
Background
Prime Minister Narendra Modi virtually dedicated the Sela Tunnel project to the nation from Itanagar on March 09, 2024. The Border Roads Organisation built it at an altitude of 13,000 feet on the road connecting Tezpur, Assam to Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh. Built at a total cost of Rs 825 crore, it provides all-weather connectivity to Tawang across Sela Pass on the Balipara - Chariduar - Tawang Road. It used the New Austrian Tunnelling Method. The foundation stone was laid on February 09, 2019, and construction began on April 01, 2019.
Altitude:
13,000 feet
Cost:
Rs 825 crore
Built by:
Border Roads Organisation
State:
Arunachal Pradesh
Why it matters for exams: Sela Tunnel and Sela Pass are among the most asked border-infrastructure facts about Arunachal Pradesh.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
Background
Tawang was a Sub-Division of West Kameng District until 5th October 1984 and was formally carved out as a full-fledged district on 6th October 1984. The first administrative centre was set up on 6th February 1951 by Major Bob Khating. The inhabitants belong to the Monpa tribe and practise Tibetan Buddhism (Gelugpa sect) centred around Tawang Monastery. Torgya is held in January, Losar in late February or early March. Its major rivers are the Tawang-Chu and Nyamjang-Chu, and the highest peak is Gourichen at about 22,500 ft.
Carved out as district:
6th October 1984
Tribe:
Monpa
Sect:
Gelugpa
Highest peak:
Gourichen (approx. 22,500 ft)
Why it matters for exams: Tawang Monastery, the Monpa and the Torgya and Losar festivals are standard art-and-culture facts for Arunachal Pradesh.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
6 October 2026
Defence Minister Rajnath Singh will inaugurate the delivery of the 2,000th aero-engine by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Koraput Division, in Odisha on 6 October 2026.
The event marks nearly six decades of HAL Koraput's contribution to aerospace and defence manufacturing.
It will also highlight a second production line for Shakti engines with an investment of ₹218 crore.
The added capacity will support the Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopter and the Prachand Light Combat Helicopter.
Odisha Chief Minister Mohan Charan Majhi and Defence Production Secretary Sanjeev Kumar are among those due to attend.
Milestone:
2,000th aero-engine
Location:
HAL Koraput, Odisha
Second Shakti line investment:
₹218 crore
Why it matters for exams: Indigenous defence manufacturing and HAL products are regular defence and science-tech questions.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
HAL Hindustan Aeronautics Limited — The public-sector company that makes aircraft, helicopters and aero-engines for the armed forces.
Background
The Union Cabinet approved AGNIPATH as a recruitment scheme for the three Armed Forces; those selected under it are known as Agniveers.
Agniveers are enrolled under respective Service Acts for a period of four years and form a distinct rank in the Armed Forces, different from any other existing ranks.
They get a customised monthly package along with Risk and Hardship allowances as applicable in the three services. Thirty per cent of the monthly package goes into the Corpus Fund and the Government makes a matching contribution.
On completion of the four-year engagement an Agniveer is paid a one-time 'Seva Nidhi' package of Rs 11.71 Lakh. It comprises the Agniveer's own contribution to the Agniveer Corpus Fund together with the interest accrued on it, and a matching Government contribution equal to that accumulated amount. The Seva Nidhi is exempt from Income Tax.
There is no entitlement to gratuity and pensionary benefits. Agniveers are given a non-contributory Life Insurance Cover of Rs 48 lakhs for the duration of the engagement period.
Up to 25% of each specific batch of Agniveers may be enrolled in the regular cadre, on centralised consideration against objective criteria. Those taken into the regular cadre serve a further engagement period of minimum 15 years on the existing terms for Junior Commissioned Officers and Other Ranks and their equivalents.
Enrolment is on an 'All India All Class' basis through an online centralised system, and the eligible age range is 17.5 to 21 years.
Engagement period:
Four years
Seva Nidhi on exit:
Rs 11.71 Lakh
Contribution to Corpus Fund:
30% of the monthly package, matched by the Government
Life insurance cover:
Rs 48 lakhs, non-contributory
Gratuity and pension:
No entitlement
Permanent enrolment:
Up to 25% of each batch; a further minimum 15 years of service
Eligible age:
17.5 to 21 years
Why it matters for exams: The Seva Nidhi amount, the absence of pension, the insurance cover and the further 15-year engagement are the four figures most often set on this scheme.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
Agniveer Agniveer — The rank held by a soldier, sailor or airman enrolled under AGNIPATH for a four-year engagement, distinct from every existing rank.
Seva Nidhi Seva Nidhi package — The one-time, income-tax-exempt payment made to an Agniveer on completing the four-year engagement, made up of the Agniveer's own contribution, the Government's matching contribution and interest.
Corpus Fund Corpus Fund — The fund into which 30 per cent of an Agniveer's monthly package is paid and to which the Government adds an equal amount.
5 October 2026
The Strategic Political and Defence Committee under the Makkah Joint Defence Agreement held an emergency meeting in Riyadh on 5 October 2026.
Pakistan was represented by Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar, Defence Minister Khawaja Asif and Field Marshal Asim Munir.
Pakistan's Foreign Office said the foreign ministers, defence ministers and chiefs of general staff of Saudi Arabia and Turkey would also attend.
The agreement, signed on 7 August 2026, says an armed attack on any one of the three countries is regarded as an attack on all three.
The committee had first met in Istanbul on 31 August 2026.
In a joint statement issued by Pakistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the three countries said they agreed to take the necessary measures to provide the agreed military forces and capabilities and to ensure their rapid deployment in Saudi Arabia, in accordance with approved arrangements and national legislation.
The committee appointed Lieutenant General Nauman Mahmood (retd) of Pakistan as the alliance's first secretary-general for a three-year term.
Meeting:
5 October 2026, Riyadh
Agreement signed:
7 August 2026
Parties:
Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey
Why it matters for exams: Defence pacts and the countries bound by them are standard international-relations questions.
UPSCSSC
In plain words
SPDC Strategic Political and Defence Committee — The committee that reviews cooperation under the Makkah Agreement.
5 October 2026
The World Food Programme strongly condemned an airstrike on two clearly marked aid trucks in South Kordofan, Sudan, early on Saturday. A driver was killed. The contracted trucks were carrying WFP food between Dilling and Kadugli. The attack came a day after a WFP truck hit an explosive device in Dilling. WFP called for a prompt and impartial investigation. The Sudanese Armed Forces and former allies the Rapid Support Forces have been fighting since April 2023. The UN aid office OCHA said more than 30 million people needed humanitarian assistance last year.
Trucks hit:
2
Route:
Dilling to Kadugli
War began:
April 2023
People needing aid last year:
more than 30 million
Why it matters for exams: Conflicts and humanitarian law: the Sudan war and protection of aid workers.
Kerala PSCUPSC
5 October 2026
On 5 October 2026, three years after the attack, UN Secretary-General António Guterres said "nothing can justify these atrocities". He recalled that more than 1,200 Israelis and foreign nationals were killed and 251 people were abducted into Gaza as hostages. He also noted UN agencies' figures that Israeli attacks have killed more than 70,000 people in Gaza, including 20,000 children. Guterres urged all parties to implement their commitments and move to the next phase of the October 2025 ceasefire under Security Council resolution 2803. He said the ceasefire should become permanent and aid should flow at scale.
Hostages abducted:
251
Killed on 7 October:
more than 1,200
Ceasefire resolution:
Security Council resolution 2803
Why it matters for exams: UN system: the Secretary-General's role and Security Council resolution 2803 on the Gaza ceasefire.
Kerala PSCUPSC
5 October 2026
Intense fighting in Yemen has forced more than 184,000 people from their homes since the start of August, most of them since early September, the International Organization for Migration said on 5 October 2026. In the week to 3 October alone nearly 21,800 people were displaced, a 26 per cent rise on the previous week. IOM Director General Amy Pope called for humanitarian access. The WHO has recorded more than 5,100 casualties since 6 August, including 959 deaths, and says cholera cases have tripled in as many weeks. The World Food Programme welcomed the release of one detained staff member; 72 UN personnel remain detained.
People displaced since August:
more than 184,000
Displaced in week to 3 October:
nearly 21,800
Deaths since 6 August (WHO):
959
UN personnel still detained:
72
Why it matters for exams: Humanitarian crises: displacement figures and the roles of IOM, WHO and WFP.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
IOM International Organization for Migration — The UN migration agency that tracks and assists displaced people.
Background
The case is titled Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela) at the International Court of Justice.
Guyana filed its Application instituting proceedings on 29 March 2018.
It concerns the 1899 Arbitral Award, which determined the boundary between the two nations.
On 6 April 2023 the Court delivered its judgment on the preliminary objection raised by Venezuela, after which the case proceeded to the merits.
Public hearings on the merits were held from 4 to 11 May 2026; the case is now in the merits phase.
Case instituted:
29 March 2018 / 2018 മാർച്ച് 29
Merits hearings:
4 to 11 May 2026 / 2026 മേയ് 4 മുതൽ 11 വരെ
Judgment on preliminary objection:
6 April 2023 / 2023 ഏപ്രിൽ 6
Why it matters for exams: The Essequibo dispute and the ICJ's role in boundary cases are recurring International Relations questions.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
ICJ International Court of Justice — The principal judicial organ of the United Nations, seated in The Hague.
Merits phase Merits phase — The stage in which the Court decides the substance of the dispute after jurisdiction is settled.
5 October 2026
Defence Minister Rajnath Singh will launch the first Fleet Support Ship, FSS-1, at Hindustan Shipyard Limited, Visakhapatnam, on 6 October.
He will also lay the keel for FSS-5.
FSS-1 is a 43,500-tonne ship and will be launched 18 months after steel cutting.
Five fleet support ships are planned for the Indian Navy.
The minister will also inaugurate Upgraded Slipway-4, for ships of up to 45,000 deadweight tonnes, and a 300-tonne Goliath crane.
FSS-1 size:
43,500 tonnes
Fleet support ships planned:
Five
Upgraded Slipway-4:
Up to 45,000 DWT
Goliath crane:
300 tonnes
Why it matters for exams: Indigenous shipbuilding and Navy capability additions appear regularly in defence current affairs.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
DWT Deadweight tonnage — The weight a ship can carry, including cargo, fuel and stores.
Keel Keel laying — The ceremonial start of a ship's construction by laying its main structural beam.
5 October 2026
Federal forces and allied Tigray Peace Force fighters hold Mekelle, the capital of Ethiopia's Tigray region.
The Tigray People's Liberation Front said it had temporarily moved out of the city to prevent further destruction and would keep fighting from other positions.
Abraham Belay, a former president of the Tigray interim administration, said preparations were under way for a new interim administration and for regional elections within months.
Fighting returned after the TPLF said in July 2026 that the Pretoria agreement of November 2022 had effectively collapsed; the federal government rejected that description.
Explosions were heard in Addis Ababa on 1 October 2026.
The war of 2020 to 2022 killed hundreds of thousands and displaced millions, and left disputed territories, the return of displaced people and disarmament unsettled.
City:
Mekelle, capital of Tigray
Peace agreement:
Pretoria agreement, November 2022
Earlier war:
2020 to 2022
Explosions in the capital:
Addis Ababa, 1 October 2026
Why it matters for exams: Mekelle, the Pretoria agreement and the TPLF are the fixed points of any question on the Horn of Africa.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
TPLF Tigray People's Liberation Front — The party that has dominated politics in Ethiopia's Tigray region and fought the federal government in the 2020-22 war.
Pretoria agreement Cessation of Hostilities Agreement signed at Pretoria — The November 2022 deal brokered by the African Union that stopped the Tigray war.
5 October 2026
The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence has seized a cumulative 15.59 kg of amphetamine, cocaine and heroin in three intelligence-led operations conducted on 29 and 30 September 2026. Five persons were arrested under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985.
On 30 September, DRI and the Central Bureau of Narcotics signalled a Mahindra Thar to stop at the Ujjain-Dewas Toll Plaza in Madhya Pradesh. The driver broke through the barricade and was intercepted after a chase of about 1.5 hours near Bicholi Mardana, Indore. Twenty-one packets holding 7.116 kg gross of amphetamine were recovered from the spare tyre mounted on the rear door, and all three occupants were arrested.
On 29 September, a passenger arriving from Doha at Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, Hyderabad, was found carrying seven chocolate tubes that were heavier than their marked weight; they held 207 capsules with 4.9 kg gross of cocaine.
In the third operation on 29 September, officers watching vehicles near Phillaur on the outskirts of Jalandhar, Punjab, recovered 3.574 kg of heroin from a passenger travelling in a rental car-pooling taxi.
The Directorate said the three cases show diverse trafficking routes and new concealment methods.
Total seized:
15.59 kg
Amphetamine from the spare tyre:
7.116 kg (gross)
Cocaine in chocolate tubes:
4.9 kg (gross)
Heroin near Phillaur:
3.574 kg
Arrested:
5
Why it matters for exams: DRI, the Central Bureau of Narcotics and the NDPS Act, 1985 are the three names asked together in enforcement questions.
UPSCSSCBank
In plain words
DRI Directorate of Revenue Intelligence — The central agency under the Department of Revenue that investigates smuggling and customs offences.
CBN Central Bureau of Narcotics — The central agency that controls licensed opium cultivation and enforces narcotics law.
NDPS Act, 1985 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 — The law that bans the production, sale and transport of listed narcotic drugs in India.
Background
The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is the defence research and development agency of the Ministry of Defence, Government of India. DRDO was formed in 1958 from the amalgamation of the then already functioning Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development and Production (DTDP) with the Defence Science Organisation (DSO). It began as a small organisation with 10 establishments or laboratories. Today DRDO is a network of around 41 laboratories together with 05 DRDO Young Scientist Laboratories (DYSLs), working across disciplines that include aeronautics, armaments, electronics, combat vehicles, engineering systems, instrumentation, missiles, advanced computing and simulation, special materials, naval systems, life sciences, training, information systems and agriculture. Among the systems it has developed indigenously are the Agni and Prithvi series of missiles, the light combat aircraft Tejas, the multi-barrel rocket launcher Pinaka and the air defence system Akash. Its motto is Balasya Mulam Vigyanam, which the organisation renders as the source of strength is science.
Formed:
1958
Establishments or laboratories at formation:
10
Laboratories now:
around 41
DRDO Young Scientist Laboratories:
05
Why it matters for exams: The year DRDO was formed, the bodies it was formed from and the size of its laboratory network are recurring one-mark questions in both state and central examinations.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
DRDO Defence Research and Development Organisation — The defence research and development agency of the Ministry of Defence.
DTDP Directorate of Technical Development and Production — One of the bodies merged in 1958 to create DRDO.
DSO Defence Science Organisation — The defence science body merged with the Army's technical establishments to form DRDO.
DYSL DRDO Young Scientist Laboratory — A DRDO laboratory headed by a young scientist and devoted to an emerging technology area.
Background
The Ministry of Defence describes the Andaman and Nicobar Command as the only operational joint services command of the country — a single command in which the Army, the Navy and the Air Force serve under one operational head. Its head is designated Commander-in-Chief Andaman and Nicobar Command, abbreviated CINCAN. Since its inception in 2001 the Command has significantly enhanced its operational capabilities. Its Joint Operations Centre is the nerve centre for integrated planning for surveillance, conduct of operations and logistic support. The Command guards the islands and the Exclusive Economic Zone around them, and carries out humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. Because of the geo-strategic position of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Command carries forward the Government's Act East Policy and the vision of Security and Growth for All in the Region, abbreviated SAGAR, by building ties with the country's maritime neighbours. Among the air assets inducted into the Command is the indigenous Advanced Light Helicopter MK III, a maritime-role variant built by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, which was formally inducted at INS Utkrosh.
Inception:
2001
Designation of its head:
Commander-in-Chief Andaman and Nicobar Command (CINCAN)
Status:
Only operational joint services command of the country
Nerve centre for integrated planning:
Joint Operations Centre
Why it matters for exams: Jointness between the three Services is a standing theme in defence questions, and the Andaman and Nicobar Command is the one existing example an examiner can point to.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
CINCAN Commander-in-Chief Andaman and Nicobar Command — The designation of the officer who heads the Andaman and Nicobar Command.
SAGAR Security and Growth for All in the Region — India's stated maritime vision for cooperation with countries of the Indian Ocean region.
Exclusive Economic Zone — The sea belt beyond the territorial sea in which a coastal state has rights over resources.
Joint services command — A command in which units of the Army, Navy and Air Force operate under one commander.
Background
The United Nations General Assembly, by resolution A/RES/50/245, adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty and requested the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his capacity as Depositary of the Treaty, to open it for signature at the earliest possible date. The Treaty was opened for signature in September 1996. In accordance with Article XIV of the Treaty, it will enter into force only after all 44 States listed in Annex 2 to the Treaty have ratified it. The United Nations lists the Annex-2 States that have ratified the Treaty, and records that the Secretary-General has appealed to all remaining States whose ratifications are required for the Treaty to enter into force to accelerate the completion of their ratification processes. Article XIV also states that if the Treaty has not entered into force three years after the date of the anniversary of its opening for signature, a conference may be held upon the request of a majority of ratifying States, to examine to what extent the requirements for entry into force have been met and to decide on measures to accelerate the ratification process. The Treaty was negotiated in the Conference on Disarmament, which had established a subsidiary body on a test ban in 1982, and a final draft was presented to that Conference in June 1996.
Annex 2 States whose ratification is required:
44
Entry-into-force article:
Article XIV
Adopting resolution:
A/RES/50/245
Opened for signature:
September 1996
Why it matters for exams: The 44-State Annex 2 condition is the reason a treaty signed three decades ago is still not in force, and that mechanism is asked in both prelims and disarmament answers.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
CTBT Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty — A treaty banning all nuclear explosions, which has been signed but has not yet entered into force.
Annex 2 Annex 2 to the CTBT — The list of 44 States whose ratification the Treaty requires before it can take effect.
Depositary Depositary of a treaty — The authority that holds the original treaty text and records signatures and ratifications.
Ratification Ratification — A State's formal act of binding itself to a treaty after signing it.
Conference on Disarmament Conference on Disarmament — The multilateral forum in Geneva where disarmament treaties are negotiated.
Background
The Peace and Security Council (PSC) is the standing decision-making organ of the African Union for the prevention, management and resolution of conflicts. It is a collective security and early warning arrangement meant to allow timely responses to conflict and crisis situations in Africa, and it is the key pillar of the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA). The Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council was adopted on 9 July 2002 in Durban, South Africa, entered into force in December 2003, and the PSC became fully operational in early 2004. The PSC has 15 members with equal voting powers. All members are elected by the AU Executive Council and endorsed by the AU Assembly during its ordinary sessions. For continuity, five members are elected for three-year terms and 10 for two-year terms. There are no permanent members, and the PSC Protocol does not prevent any Member State from seeking immediate re-election.
Members:
15
Terms:
5 members for three years, 10 members for two years
Permanent members:
None
Protocol adopted:
9 July 2002, Durban, South Africa
Fully operational:
Early 2004
Why it matters for exams: Comparing the African Union's Peace and Security Council with the UN Security Council is a standard answer-writing question, and the absence of permanent members is the sharpest contrast.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
PSC Peace and Security Council of the African Union — The AU's standing organ for preventing, managing and resolving conflicts in Africa.
APSA African Peace and Security Architecture — The African Union's overall framework of bodies and instruments for peace, security and stability.
AU Executive Council African Union Executive Council — The AU organ of foreign ministers that elects the PSC's members.
Collective security Collective security — An arrangement in which members treat a threat to one as a concern of all and respond together.
Background
Under General Assembly resolution 377A(V), known as "Uniting for peace", an emergency special session can be convened within 24 hours. The resolution was adopted by the General Assembly on 3 November 1950. It resolves that if the Security Council, because of lack of unanimity of the permanent members, fails to exercise its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security where there appears to be a threat to the peace, a breach of the peace or an act of aggression, the General Assembly shall consider the matter immediately with a view to making appropriate recommendations to Members for collective measures — including, in the case of a breach of the peace or an act of aggression, the use of armed force when necessary. If the Assembly is not in session at the time, it may meet in emergency special session within twenty-four hours of the request. Such a session shall be called if requested by the Security Council on the vote of any seven members, or by a majority of the Members of the United Nations. Eleven emergency special sessions have been convened, on subjects including the Middle East, the Question of Congo, the Question of Palestine, the situation in Afghanistan, the Question of Namibia and Ukraine. The figure of seven is the resolution's own wording: 377A(V) was adopted when the Security Council had eleven members. The Charter amendment that came into force on 31 August 1965 enlarged the Council from eleven to fifteen members and raised the vote for a decision on a procedural matter from seven members to nine. Rule 8(b) of the Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly accordingly provides that an emergency special session shall be convened within twenty-four hours of a request from the Security Council on the vote of any nine members.
Resolution:
377A(V)
Adopted:
3 November 1950
Session can be convened within:
24 hours
Security Council votes to request, as 377A(V) is worded:
Any seven members
Security Council votes to request, under rule 8(b) of the Assembly's Rules of Procedure:
Any nine members
Other route:
A majority of the Members of the United Nations
Why it matters for exams: This is the single most-asked piece of UN procedure after the veto, because it is the route by which the General Assembly acts when the Security Council is deadlocked.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Emergency special session Emergency special session of the UN General Assembly — A session the Assembly may hold within 24 hours of a request when the Security Council cannot act.
Lack of unanimity Lack of unanimity of the permanent members — The situation in which one or more permanent members vote against a draft Security Council resolution, blocking it.
Collective measures Collective measures — Steps Members take together against a threat to peace, which may include the use of armed force.