Background
The Reserve Bank's affairs are governed by a central board of directors.
The board is appointed by the Government of India in keeping with the Reserve Bank of India Act.
Directors are appointed or nominated for a period of four years.
The full-time official Directors are the Governor and not more than four Deputy Governors.
Among non-official Directors, the Government nominates ten Directors from various fields and two government officials.
Four other Directors come one each from four local boards.
The Central Board's function is the general superintendence and direction of the Bank's affairs.
A separate Board for Financial Supervision also functions under the Reserve Bank.
Term of directors:
Four years
Full-time official Directors:
Governor and not more than four Deputy Governors
Nominated by Government:
Ten Directors from various fields and two government officials
From local boards:
Four Directors, one each from four local boards
Function:
General superintendence and direction of the Bank's affairs
Why it matters for exams: The exact break-up of the RBI Central Board and the four-year term are frequent banking-awareness questions.
Kerala PSCUPSCBank
In plain words
Central Board Central board of directors of the Reserve Bank of India — The body with general superintendence over the Bank.
Local board Regional board of the Reserve Bank — Four local boards each send one Director to the Central Board.
BFS Board for Financial Supervision — A separate board under the Reserve Bank for supervision of financial institutions.
Background
The entry of private service providers brought with it the need for independent regulation of telecom services.
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) was established with effect from 20th February 1997 by an Act of Parliament, called the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997.
TRAI regulates telecom services, including fixation and revision of tariffs for telecom services, which were earlier vested in the Central Government.
TRAI has issued a large number of regulations, orders and directives covering tariff, interconnection, quality of service and the governance of the Authority.
The TRAI Act was amended by an ordinance, effective from 24 January 2000, establishing a Telecommunications Dispute Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) to take over the adjudicatory and disputes functions from TRAI.
TDSAT adjudicates disputes between a licensor and a licensee, between two or more service providers, and between a service provider and a group of consumers.
TDSAT also hears and disposes of appeals against any direction, decision or order of TRAI.
TRAI established with effect from:
20th February 1997
Founding Act:
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997
TDSAT created with effect from:
24 January 2000
Function moved to TDSAT:
Adjudicatory and disputes functions
Why it matters for exams: TRAI's founding Act and the split of its adjudicatory work to TDSAT are a standard regulator-versus-tribunal question.
Kerala PSCUPSCBank
In plain words
TRAI Telecom Regulatory Authority of India — The statutory regulator for telecom and broadcasting tariffs and quality of service.
TDSAT Telecommunications Dispute Settlement and Appellate Tribunal — Hears telecom disputes and appeals against TRAI's orders.
Interconnection Linking of one operator's network with another's — One of the subjects TRAI regulates by order and regulation.
Background
The National Green Tribunal has been established on 18.10.2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act 2010.
Its purpose is the effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources.
The Tribunal is mandated to make and endeavour for disposal of applications or appeals finally within 6 months of filing of the same.
New Delhi is the Principal Place of Sitting of the Tribunal, and Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai are the other four places of sitting.
Section 19 of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 gives the Tribunal power to regulate its own procedure.
The Tribunal is not bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 or the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, and is guided by principles of natural justice.
The Tribunal entertains letter petitions which bring to light instances of substantial environmental damage.
Date of establishment:
18.10.2010
Governing Act:
National Green Tribunal Act 2010
Disposal timeline:
Within 6 months of filing
Principal Place of Sitting:
New Delhi
Other places of sitting:
Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai
Why it matters for exams: The NGT's founding Act, its six-month timeline and its five places of sitting are standard objective questions.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
NGT National Green Tribunal — A specialised tribunal for environmental disputes involving multi-disciplinary issues.
Letter petition A complaint sent as a letter instead of a formal application — A valid complaint is taken note of even without an advocate.
Principles of natural justice Basic fairness rules followed in place of rigid procedure — They include a fair hearing and freedom from bias.
Background
Resolutions put to the United Nations General Assembly are decided under the voting rules in Chapter IV of the UN Charter. Article 18 provides that each member of the General Assembly shall have one vote. Decisions on important questions shall be made by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting; these questions include recommendations on the maintenance of international peace and security, the election of the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the election of the members of the Economic and Social Council, the admission of new Members to the United Nations, the suspension of the rights and privileges of membership, the expulsion of Members and budgetary questions. Decisions on other questions, including the determination of additional categories of questions to be decided by a two-thirds majority, are made by a majority of the members present and voting. Article 19 provides that a Member in arrears in its financial contributions shall have no vote in the General Assembly if the arrears equal or exceed the contributions due from it for the preceding two full years, though the Assembly may still permit it to vote if the failure to pay is due to conditions beyond the Member's control. Article 20 provides that the General Assembly meets in regular annual sessions and in such special sessions as occasion may require.
Votes per member:
One
Majority for important questions:
Two-thirds of the members present and voting
Loss of vote for arrears:
Arrears of the preceding two full years
Why it matters for exams: The contrast between one-state-one-vote in the General Assembly and the veto in the Security Council is a classic question, and Article 19's arrears rule is the detail that separates candidates.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
ECOSOC Economic and Social Council — A principal organ of the UN whose members the General Assembly elects.
Background
Every speech made at the United Nations General Assembly's annual debate in New York is interpreted under a six-language rule. The United Nations' own pages state that there are six official languages of the UN: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. A delegate may speak in any official UN language, and the speech is interpreted simultaneously into the other official languages. At times a delegate may choose to make a statement using a non-official language; in such cases the delegation must provide either an interpretation or a written text of the statement in one of the official languages. Most UN documents are issued in all six official languages, requiring translation from the original document. The United Nations is one of the world's largest employers of language professionals. The UN General Assembly has mandated the full and equitable treatment of all the official languages, and the Department of Global Communications has set minimum standards for UN web multilingualism.
Number of official languages:
Six
The languages:
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
Why it matters for exams: The six languages are a recurring one-mark question, and the rule for a delegate speaking in a non-official language is the application version of the same fact.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
Background
Every policy announcement that moves Indian interest rates comes from the Reserve Bank of India, whose own website records that it was established on April 1, 1935 in accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The Central Office of the Reserve Bank was initially established in Kolkata but was permanently moved to Mumbai in 1937; the Central Office is where the Governor sits and where policies are formulated. Though originally privately owned, the Reserve Bank has been fully owned by the Government of India since nationalisation in 1949. The Bank's affairs are governed by a central board of directors appointed by the Government of India in keeping with the Reserve Bank of India Act, for a period of four years. Its official directors are the full-time Governor and not more than four Deputy Governors. The non-official directors nominated by the Government are ten directors from various fields and two government officials. The Preamble of the Reserve Bank describes its basic functions as regulating the issue of bank notes and keeping reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India, and having a modern monetary policy framework to maintain price stability while keeping in mind the objective of growth.
Established:
April 1, 1935
Founding Act:
Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934
Central Office moved to Mumbai:
1937
Nationalised:
1949
Central board term:
Four years
Why it matters for exams: The founding Act and year, the shift of the Central Office to Mumbai, nationalisation in 1949 and the exact composition of the central board are all standard banking and polity questions.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSCBank
In plain words
RBI Reserve Bank of India — India's central bank, which issues currency and frames monetary policy.
Background
Every RTI application that a central ministry or public authority refuses can travel up to the Central Information Commission, the body whose own website says it was constituted with effect from 12-10-2005 under the Right to Information Act, 2005. The jurisdiction of the Commission extends over all Central Public Authorities. Its powers and functions are set out in sections 18, 19, 20 and 25 of the RTI Act, 2005. These broadly cover adjudication in second appeal for giving information; directions for record keeping and for suo motu disclosures; receiving and enquiring into a complaint about an inability to file an RTI application; the imposition of penalties; and monitoring and reporting, including the preparation of an Annual Report. The decisions of the Commission are final.
Constituted with effect from:
12-10-2005
Founding Act:
Right to Information Act, 2005
Sections carrying its powers:
Sections 18, 19, 20 and 25
Jurisdiction:
All Central Public Authorities
Why it matters for exams: The Commission's founding Act, the sections that carry its powers and the second-appeal route are among the most frequently asked facts on the RTI regime.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
RTI Right to Information — The 2005 Act under which a citizen may seek information held by a public authority.
CPIO Central Public Information Officer — The officer in a central public authority who receives and answers RTI applications.
Background
Challenges to environmental clearances, pollution and forest diversion in India are heard not by the civil courts but by the National Green Tribunal, which the Tribunal's own website says was established on 18.10.2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010. It was set up for the effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and the conservation of forests and other natural resources, including the enforcement of any legal right relating to the environment and the grant of relief and compensation for damage to persons and property. New Delhi is the Principal Place of Sitting of the Tribunal, and Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai are the other four places of sitting. The Tribunal is mandated to endeavour to dispose of applications or appeals finally within 6 months of their filing. It is not bound by the procedure laid down in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 or by the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, and is guided by the principles of natural justice; Section 19 of the Act gives it the power to regulate its own procedure. It also entertains letter petitions bringing substantial environmental damage to light.
Established:
18.10.2010
Principal Place of Sitting:
New Delhi
Other places of sitting:
Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata, Chennai
Disposal mandate:
Within 6 months of filing
Why it matters for exams: The Tribunal's founding Act, its principal and other places of sitting and its six-month disposal mandate are standard objective-question material in polity and environment papers.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
NGT National Green Tribunal — A specialised tribunal for environmental disputes, not bound by the Code of Civil Procedure.
Background
Denmark, in the news for hosting NATO's Military Committee Conference in Copenhagen, is also India's partner in a named bilateral framework.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India and Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen of Denmark agreed a Green Strategic Partnership at a virtual summit held on 28 September 2020.
The partnership aims to advance political cooperation, expand economic relations and green growth, create jobs and strengthen cooperation on addressing global challenges.
The sectors it names include renewable energy and offshore wind, climate change and implementation of the Paris Agreement, and water management and the circular economy.
It also covers sustainable urban development and smart cities, maritime affairs and shipping, science, technology and innovation, food processing and agriculture, animal husbandry and dairying, health and life sciences, digital technologies, intellectual property rights, cultural cooperation and labour mobility.
Framework:
Green Strategic Partnership
Agreed at:
Virtual Summit, 28 September 2020
Leaders:
Narendra Modi and Mette Frederiksen
Flagship sectors:
Renewable energy and offshore wind, water, circular economy, shipping
Why it matters for exams: Denmark's Green Strategic Partnership with India is the named framework examiners ask about when testing Denmark's bilateral ties, including which sectors it covers and which two Prime Ministers agreed it.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Circular economy Circular economy — An economic model in which materials are reused and recycled instead of being discarded after one use.
Offshore wind Offshore wind energy — Electricity generated by wind turbines placed at sea rather than on land.
Background
Denmark, the host of NATO's Military Committee Conference in Copenhagen, is one of the European Union's smaller member states by area.
Its area is 42,925 square kilometres and its population is 5,992,734 according to 2025 figures.
The capital is Copenhagen.
The kingdom also comprises two autonomous Atlantic territories, the Faroe Islands and Greenland, neither of which is a member of the European Union.
Denmark ranks fourth in the European Union for gross domestic product per capita at 47,800 euro, against an EU average of 38,100 euro.
Area:
42,925 km²
Population (2025):
5,992,734
Capital:
Copenhagen
GDP per capita:
€47,800 (EU average €38,100)
Autonomous territories:
Faroe Islands and Greenland, both outside the EU
Why it matters for exams: The status of Greenland and the Faroe Islands inside the Kingdom of Denmark but outside the European Union is a classic distinction, and Denmark's area and per capita income are ready comparison figures.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
GDP per capita Gross domestic product per person — A country's total output divided by its population, used to compare average incomes.
Background
Denmark, which hosted NATO's Military Committee Conference in Copenhagen and whose inflation rate was reported in the latest European Union price statistics, is a constitutional monarchy.
It has a representative parliamentary system with a prime minister as head of government and a monarch as head of state.
The capital is Copenhagen.
Denmark has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1973 and a member of the Schengen area since 25 March 2001.
Its currency is the Danish krone; Denmark has negotiated an opt-out from the euro and is therefore not obliged to introduce it.
Denmark sends 15 Members to the European Parliament.
Capital:
Copenhagen
EU member since:
1 January 1973
Schengen member since:
25 March 2001
Currency:
Danish krone (DKK)
Members of the European Parliament:
15
Why it matters for exams: An examiner testing European polity asks which EU members stay outside the euro and how a constitutional monarchy divides the roles of head of state and head of government.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
Opt-out Treaty opt-out — A legally agreed exemption that lets an EU member state stay outside a common policy such as the single currency.
Schengen area Schengen area — A group of European states that have abolished checks at their common borders.
2 October 2026
From 1 October 2026 Japan charges 200,000 yen for a permanent residency permit, twenty times the earlier 10,000 yen.
From the same date applicants must also meet a new income condition: a stable annual income at or above the average for Japanese households, adjusted for household size, which the latest official survey puts at 5.75 million yen.
The pension and Japanese-language conditions take effect only from April 2027; the pension test asks for projected benefits equal to 30 years of enrolment in the employees' pension programme, and financial assets may cover any shortfall.
Before the change, non-permanent residents paid a flat 6,000 yen each time they changed residency status or extended a stay; the fee now ranges from 10,000 yen for three months or less to 75,000 yen for five years or more.
In July 2026 Japan had already raised visa fees five-fold, its first visa fee increase in 50 years.
Japan's foreign resident population passed 4.12 million at the end of 2025, a record increase of 9.5 per cent over the previous year.
The changes are part of the immigration policy of Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi.
New permanent residency fee:
200,000 yen
Earlier permanent residency fee:
10,000 yen
Fee rise and income test effective from:
1 October 2026
Pension and language tests effective from:
April 2027
Earlier fee for status change or extension:
6,000 yen
Foreign residents, end 2025:
4.12 million
Why it matters for exams: Japan's ageing population and its migration rules are a recurring link between demography and economy questions.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Permanent residency Right to live in a country indefinitely without citizenship — It is usually granted after a set number of years of lawful residence.
Employee pension system Japan's earnings-related pension scheme for employees — Expected benefits from it are now part of the permanent residency test.
Background
Today's section carries a euro area interest rate decision that applies to Belgium, and the European Union's own country profile sets out the weight Belgium carries inside the Union's institutions.
The profile records 22 representatives from Belgium in the European Parliament.
Belgium has 12 representatives on the European Economic and Social Committee, the advisory body representing employers, workers and other interest groups.
It has 12 representatives on the European Committee of the Regions, the EU's assembly of regional and local representatives.
The European Commissioner nominated by Belgium is Hadja Lahbib, responsible for equality, preparedness and crisis management.
The presidency of the Council of the EU rotates every 6 months, and the profile lists Belgian presidencies from Jan-Jun 1958 through to Jan-Jun 2024.
Belgium also works through its permanent representation in Brussels, described as the country's embassy to the EU.
Seats in the European Parliament:
22
European Economic and Social Committee:
12 representatives
European Committee of the Regions:
12 representatives
Commissioner nominated by Belgium:
Hadja Lahbib
Council presidency rotation:
every 6 months
Why it matters for exams: The number of seats a member state holds in the European Parliament and the six-month rotation of the Council presidency are repeat questions on EU institutions.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Council of the EU Council of the European Union — The institution where national ministers meet to adopt EU laws and coordinate policies.
EESC European Economic and Social Committee — An advisory body consulted on proposed EU laws.
Permanent representation A member state's standing mission to the EU — It carries the country's positions to the EU institutions.
Background
Three bodies shape Denmark's security and its regional role: NATO, the Nordic Council and the Arctic Council.
NATO's founding member countries were Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States; the twelve signed the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington, D.C.
The Nordic Council was established in 1952, and Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden were founder members, with Finland joining later.
The Nordic Council has 87 elected members, of whom Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden have 20 each; the Faroe Islands and Aland joined in 1970 and Greenland in 1984.
The Arctic Council consists of the eight Arctic States: Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, the Russian Federation, Sweden and the United States.
Six Indigenous Peoples' organizations hold Permanent Participant status in the Arctic Council, among them the Inuit Circumpolar Council and the Saami Council.
NATO founding members:
12, including Denmark
Nordic Council established:
1952
Nordic Council members:
87 elected members
Arctic Council:
Eight Arctic States, six Permanent Participants
Why it matters for exams: The list of NATO's twelve founders and the membership of the Arctic Council are repeatedly asked in both state and central exams.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
Permanent Participant Permanent Participant — Status in the Arctic Council given to Indigenous Peoples' organizations, giving them full consultation rights.
Background
Denmark is one of the European Union member states that belongs to the Union but stays outside the euro area.
Denmark has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1973.
Its currency is the Danish krone (DKK); Denmark has negotiated an opt-out from the euro and is not required to adopt it.
Denmark has been a member of the Schengen area since 25 March 2001 and has 15 representatives in the European Parliament.
The country covers 42,925 sq km and had a population of 5,992,734 in 2025; it is a constitutional monarchy with a representative parliamentary system.
The Danish EU defence opt-out dated from 1993; voters abolished it in a referendum on 1 June 2022, and Denmark joined European cooperation on security and defence on 1 July 2022, taking part in PESCO and the European Defence Agency.
EU member since:
1 January 1973
Currency:
Danish krone (DKK)
Schengen member since:
25 March 2001
Seats in the European Parliament:
15
Why it matters for exams: The list of EU members that are outside the euro area, and Denmark's opt-outs, are classic one-mark questions.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
Opt-out Opt-out — A legal exemption letting an EU member state stay outside a particular area of EU cooperation.
PESCO Permanent Structured Cooperation — An EU framework in which member states jointly develop defence capabilities.
Background
The district where the Narayani embankment gave way in the floods of late September is Kushinagar, in the Gorakhpur division of north-eastern Uttar Pradesh.
It was formerly known as Kushinara, the place where Gautam Buddha attained Mahaparinirvana, and remains a Buddhist pilgrimage centre.
The district headquarters is at Padrauna.
It covers 2,873.5 square kilometres and had a population of 3,560,830 at the 2011 Census, with a literacy rate of 67.66 per cent and a sex ratio of 955.
The district has six tehsils — Padrauna, Kushinagar, Hatta, Tamkihiraj, Khida and Kaptanganj — and 14 development blocks.
It contains 1,447 villages.
It sends one member to the Lok Sabha and has seven assembly constituencies.
Headquarters:
Padrauna
Area:
2,873.5 square kilometres
Population (2011 Census):
3,560,830
Literacy rate:
67.66 per cent
Assembly constituencies:
7
Why it matters for exams: Kushinagar is one of the four principal Buddhist pilgrimage sites and its district statistics are standard geography and census material.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Mahaparinirvana Mahaparinirvana — In Buddhist tradition, the final passing away of the Buddha, marking release from the cycle of rebirth.
2 October 2026
A Division Bench of Justice Shekhar B Saraf and Justice Abdhesh Kumar Chaudhary ruled on the point in Akhilesh Jaiswal and Another v Bar Council of India and 2 Others.
The Bench held that suspension under Section 35(3)(c) of the Advocates Act, 1961 is a final order and cannot be passed at an interim stage of a disciplinary inquiry.
The petitioners were Akhilesh Jaiswal, President of the Central Bar Association, Civil Court Lucknow, and Avnish Dixit, its Secretary.
The disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of Uttar Pradesh had suspended their licences on 26 September while the disciplinary proceedings were still pending.
The court quashed that suspension order, observing that an indefinite suspension was legally unsustainable.
It directed the Bar Council to supply any documents sought by the petitioners within 24 hours, and required them to appear at the next hearing.
Provision considered:
Section 35(3)(c), Advocates Act, 1961
Suspension order dated:
26 September 2026
Time given to supply documents:
24 hours
Why it matters for exams: The Advocates Act, 1961 and the powers of State Bar Councils are standard polity and legal-awareness material, and this ruling fixes the stage at which a licence may be suspended.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Bar Council State Bar Council under the Advocates Act, 1961 — The statutory body that enrols advocates in a state and exercises disciplinary control over them.
Background
Mahatma Gandhi's birth anniversary is being observed in India today, and one of the best known Gandhi memorials in Japan stands in Hiroshima.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveiled a bust of Mahatma Gandhi in Hiroshima on 20 May 2023, during his visit to Japan for the G-7 Summit.
The 42-inch bronze bust was gifted by India to the city of Hiroshima and was sculpted by Ram Vanji Sutar, a Padma Bhushan awardee.
It is placed adjacent to the Motoyasu river, near the A-Bomb Dome, a site visited by large numbers of residents and tourists.
The bust stands on a greenbelt on the east bank of the river in Naka Ward and is not inside the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park itself, the city having declined a request for placement within the Park.
The Prime Minister said the bust in Hiroshima gives a very important message, and that the Gandhian ideals of peace and harmony reverberate globally and give strength to millions.
Sculptor:
Ram Vanji Sutar
Height:
42 inches, bronze
Location:
Greenbelt on the east bank of the Motoyasu river, Naka Ward, Hiroshima
Unveiled by:
Prime Minister Narendra Modi, during the G-7 Summit visit
Why it matters for exams: Gandhi memorials abroad, the sculptor Ram Vanji Sutar and the exact location in Hiroshima are the kind of detail where a wrong assumption about the Peace Memorial Park costs a mark.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
A-Bomb Dome Atomic Bomb Dome, Hiroshima — The preserved ruin of a Hiroshima building left standing after the 1945 atomic bombing, kept as a peace memorial.
2 October 2026
Vice President C. P. Radhakrishnan laid floral tributes to Mahatma Gandhi at Rajghat on Gandhi's birth anniversary.
He paid tributes to former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri at Vijay Ghat on Shastri's birth anniversary, which falls on the same day, and recalled his call of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan.
The Vice President also paid tributes to Thiru K. Kamaraj at Upa-Rashtrapati Bhavan on Kamaraj's death anniversary.
He described Kamaraj as a true people's leader who expanded education for underprivileged children, implemented mid-day meal schemes and built roads, irrigation dams and industrial estates that laid the foundation of Tamil Nadu's economic development.
He said Gandhi's legacy of truth and non-violence and his belief in the dignity of every individual call for a reaffirmed commitment to a just, harmonious and inclusive society.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid floral tributes to Mahatma Gandhi at Rajghat and to Lal Bahadur Shastri at Vijay Ghat the same day, saying their lives of simplicity, courage and service to the nation continue to inspire generations.
Gandhi memorial:
Rajghat
Shastri memorial:
Vijay Ghat
Kamaraj tribute venue:
Upa-Rashtrapati Bhavan
Why it matters for exams: Examiners regularly ask which memorial belongs to which leader, and which two national figures share a birth anniversary on 2 October.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan — Lal Bahadur Shastri's slogan honouring the soldier and the farmer.
2 October 2026
The Government of India has marked 28 geographical locations and features in Ladakh on the official maps of the Survey of India with standardised names and positions.
The Ministry of Home Affairs carried out the exercise in consultation with the Union Territory administration of Ladakh.
The 28 features comprise 10 peaks, 3 mountains, 7 land areas, 2 glaciers, 2 passes, 1 valley, 1 river, 1 lake and 1 water body.
The named features include Kanishka Peak and Zorawar Peak, the Parpik and Skamri glaciers, Guru Rinpoche Lake and the Yangpa River.
Several peaks are named after Buddhist figures such as Milarepa and Rinchen Zangpo.
The stated objective is to enable precise identification of these sites and to generate better public awareness about them.
Features named:
28
Peaks:
10
Glaciers:
2
Land areas:
7
Why it matters for exams: Place-name standardisation in a border Union Territory combines map work, institutions and current affairs in one question.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
Survey of India Survey of India — India's national survey and mapping organisation, the authority for official topographic maps.