15 October 2026
Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated five development projects worth Rs 3,350 crore in Ladakh through video conferencing on 15 October 2026.
He dedicated the Nimmu-Padum-Darcha road, built at a cost of Rs 2,500 crore, which cuts travel time from 12 hours to 3 hours.
The Prime Minister also dedicated the Hanu hydroelectric project and its associated transmission network.
Forty newly constructed reservoirs under Project Amrit Him Sarovar were dedicated to the community.
He inaugurated the Rs 650 crore Kushok Bakula Rinpoche Airport terminal at Leh, which he said is India's first terminal to feature geothermal heating alongside solar energy use.
Since Ladakh became a Union Territory in 2019, its road network has grown from 1,800 kilometres to over 4,000 kilometres and tap water coverage from 3.5 per cent to nearly 99 per cent of households.
Total outlay:
Rs 3,350 crore
Nimmu-Padum-Darcha road cost:
Rs 2,500 crore
Travel time reduction:
12 hours to 3 hours
Reservoirs dedicated:
40
Why it matters for exams: Project names, outlays and connectivity figures for border Union Territories are standard prelims material.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Project Amrit Him Sarovar Amrit Him Sarovar — A programme to build high-altitude reservoirs for irrigation and water security.
15 October 2026
India's first Petroglyph Conservation Park, at Sindhu Ghat in Leh, was to be dedicated to the nation on 15 October 2026 as one of the five Ladakh projects, the Prime Minister's Office announced on 14 October 2026.
It is meant to protect Ladakh's prehistoric rock carvings and to encourage responsible heritage tourism.
Lieutenant Governor Vinai Kumar Saxena had laid the foundation stone on 18 April, World Heritage Day.
Relocation of endangered petroglyphs began from Saboo Thang, with 31 carvings moved first.
The first phase plans to shift 155 petroglyphs, from sites including Phyang Thang, Stakmo Thang, Likir Hill, Likir Thang and Taru Thang, and from Thiksey, Spituk and Khaltse.
The carvings measure 4 to 17 feet in circumference and weigh between 500 kg and 10 metric tonnes.
Most depict wildlife such as ibex, yak, argali and blue sheep, along with hunting scenes and footprints, and the threats listed are weathering, unregulated tourism, construction and human interference.
Ladakh's petroglyphs occur at altitudes from 2,500 metres to over 5,000 metres.
Site:
Sindhu Ghat, Leh
Foundation stone:
18 April, World Heritage Day
Petroglyphs relocated first:
31 from Saboo Thang
First phase target:
155 petroglyphs
Weight range:
500 kg to 10 metric tonnes
Why it matters for exams: A national first, with a named site and exact counts of relocated carvings, is prime material for an art and culture question.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Ibex Ibex — A wild mountain goat of the high Himalaya, often shown in Ladakh's rock art.
Argali Argali — The large wild sheep of Central Asia, found in Ladakh.
15 October 2026
The Changthang visioning report, titled 'Vision from the Highlands: Building a Shared Future for Rangelands, Wildlife and Communities', was released at Leh on 8 October 2026.
Chief Secretary Ashish Kundra took part in the launch, held at The Grand Dragon, Leh.
The launch marked a milestone in the engagement of WWF-India's Western Himalayas Conservation Programme with Changthang.
The visioning process drew in pastoral representatives, Gobas, women's and youth groups, community leaders and local institutions.
Those present included Palga Rinpoche, Tashi Gyalson, former Chief Executive Councillor of the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh, and Konchok Stanzin, former Executive Councillor from Chushul.
Ravi Singh, Secretary General and Chief Executive of WWF-India, Jamshyd N. Godrej, Trustee, and Dr Sejal Worah, Programme Director, attended for WWF-India.
The University of Ladakh, the G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, the Snow Leopard Conservancy India Trust, Himotthan and NABARD were among the organisations named.
Changthang is the high plateau of eastern Ladakh whose rangelands support the pashmina goat herds.
Report title:
Vision from the Highlands: Building a Shared Future for Rangelands, Wildlife and Communities
Released at:
Leh, 8 October 2026
Conservation programme:
WWF-India's Western Himalayas Conservation Programme
Why it matters for exams: Rangeland conservation with herders as participants is a live theme in environment papers, and the report's title and partners are checkable facts.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Rangeland Rangeland — Open grazing land that supports livestock and wild herbivores rather than crops.
NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development — The apex development bank for agriculture and rural India.
15 October 2026
Project Him Sarovar, one of the five Ladakh projects listed for dedication on 15 October 2026 in the Prime Minister's Office announcement of 14 October 2026, covers 40 water bodies across 40 villages.
The water bodies are built under Mission Amrit Sarovar.
They are meant to store water during periods of abundance for use in the sowing season, supporting irrigation and long-term water security.
At the Ladakh Advisory Council meeting on 13 October 2026, the project was described as creating storage ponds to harness glacial and snowmelt runoff.
Long-term water security was the first subject the Council took up.
Ladakh is a cold desert, and its cultivation depends on meltwater channelled through village canals.
Water bodies:
40
Villages covered:
40
Parent mission:
Mission Amrit Sarovar
Why it matters for exams: Mission Amrit Sarovar is a central scheme whose local application in a cold desert makes a good linking question.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Cold desert Cold desert — A region with very little rainfall but very low temperatures, as in Ladakh.
Runoff Runoff — Water that flows over the surface instead of soaking in.
15 October 2026
The Hanu Small Hydroelectric Project, of 9 MW, and the 66 kV double-circuit Dah-Hanu-Khaltsi transmission line were among the five projects listed for dedication in Ladakh on 15 October 2026, in the Prime Minister's Office announcement of 14 October 2026.
The two together are meant to strengthen power evacuation and grid reliability in the union territory.
The pair counts as one of the five projects in the package of about Rs 3,350 crore.
A small hydroelectric project in India is one with an installed capacity of up to 25 MW.
At a meeting of the Ladakh Advisory Council on 13 October 2026, Lieutenant Governor Vinai Kumar Saxena stressed the need to protect glaciers in the face of global warming, the same snow and ice on which such run-of-river projects depend.
Hanu project capacity:
9 MW
Transmission line:
66 kV double circuit, Dah-Hanu-Khaltsi
Why it matters for exams: The 9 MW figure, the 66 kV double-circuit line and the definition of a small hydro project are all compact, checkable facts.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Power evacuation Power evacuation — Carrying electricity away from a generating station into the grid.
Double circuit Double circuit line — A transmission line carrying two separate circuits on the same towers.
15 October 2026
A paper in Nature reports a year-long single-blind test of how well satellites detect and measure methane leaks.
The test covered 746 events: 481 controlled methane releases ranging from 9.5 to 1,183.7 kg/h and 265 blank controls.
The releases were made in Arizona and timed with overpasses from 12 government, commercial and non-profit satellites, and 15 analysis teams from nine countries produced over 2,250 estimates.
Instruments built for the purpose achieved a 92 to 100 per cent true positive rate with a 0 to 11 per cent false positive rate, while repurposed instruments detected 62 to 88 per cent of releases.
The authors note that 79 per cent of false positives came from methods based on artificial intelligence, and that ground-measured cloud cover above 20 per cent degraded performance across systems.
Events tested:
746
Controlled releases:
481, from 9.5 to 1,183.7 kg/h
Satellites involved:
12
Analysis teams:
15, from nine countries
Why it matters for exams: Methane monitoring from space connects climate policy with remote sensing, a favourite cross-over area.
UPSC
In plain words
Single-blind test Single-blind test — A test in which the analysts do not know the true answer they are being measured against.
False positive False positive — A reported detection where in fact nothing was released.
15 October 2026
The Kerala State Biodiversity Board has released a policy document titled 'Red List Assessment of Ecosystems and Global Ecosystem Typology of Kerala's Unique Ecosystems'.
Environment Minister Sunny Joseph released the compilation at a function in his chamber in the Secretariat.
The study was taken up as part of the State government's 100-day action plan.
It applies the standards of the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Version 2.0 at the State level.
The assessment covers ecosystems from the Western Ghats highlands down to river basins, coastal stretches and wetlands.
The analysis used Google Earth Engine, Sentinel satellite imagery, statistical analysis in R and mapping in QGIS.
Released by:
Kerala State Biodiversity Board
Standard applied:
IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Version 2.0
Minister:
Sunny Joseph, Environment
Why it matters for exams: The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems is distinct from the better-known Red List of species, and a State-level application of it is a likely question.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature — The global body that maintains the Red Lists of threatened species and of ecosystems.
QGIS Quantum Geographic Information System — A free mapping and spatial analysis software used widely in environmental studies.
Background
The Bandipora district administration describes Wular Lake as one of Asia's largest freshwater lakes and a Ramsar Site of international importance.
Covering an area of 130 sq. km. and a perimeter of around 84 km, the lake is one of the most important wetlands of the Kashmir Valley.
It is located 34 km northwest of Srinagar City and lies in the Bandipora and Baramulla districts of Jammu and Kashmir.
River Jhelum flows through the entire length of the Kashmir Valley and ultimately drains into the Wular Lake; the river enters the lake at Banyari in the south and exits from Ningli Sopore in the west.
The lake acts as a huge absorption basin for flood waters, and so shapes the hydrography as well as the ecological and economic spheres of the valley.
The district administration records that the lake has faced siltation, pollution and invasive species growth, which led to a decline in its size and ecological diversity.
The Wular Conservation and Management Authority (WUCMA) was constituted for the conservation and management of the lake and implements the Comprehensive Management Action Plan framed by Wetlands International South Asia.
Rare migratory bird species have been visiting Wular lake after many years, the authority records.
Area:
130 sq. km.
Perimeter:
Around 84 km
Districts:
Bandipora and Baramulla
Distance from Srinagar City:
34 km northwest
Status:
Ramsar Site of international importance
Managing authority:
Wular Conservation and Management Authority (WUCMA)
Why it matters for exams: India's wetlands are a standing exam theme, and Wular's Ramsar status, its recorded area and its link with the Jhelum are the facts most often tested.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Ramsar Convention — An international treaty under which countries list and protect wetlands of international importance.
Siltation — The slow filling up of a lake or river bed with fine soil and sand brought in by water.
Absorption basin — A low-lying water body that takes in surplus flood water and releases it slowly, reducing damage downstream.
Background
The Socotra Archipelago lies in the northwest Indian Ocean near the Gulf of Aden and forms part of Yemen.
UNESCO inscribed it on the World Heritage List in 2008 under natural criterion (x), for biological diversity and threatened species.
The archipelago comprises four islands and two rocky islets and extends about 250 km.
The inscribed property covers 410,460 hectares, with a buffer zone of 1,740,958 hectares.
Socotra has 825 plant species, of which 307, or 37 per cent, are endemic.
Endemism is also very high among reptiles, 90 per cent of 34 species, and land snails, 95 per cent of 96 species.
Its recorded bird life includes 192 species, of which 44 breed on the islands.
UNESCO describes the archipelago as the "Galápagos of the Indian Ocean".
Inscribed:
2008
Criterion:
(x)
Property area:
410,460 hectares
Plant species:
825, of which 307 endemic
Islands:
Four islands and two rocky islets
Why it matters for exams: Yemen's only natural World Heritage site is a standard question on island biodiversity and on the geography of the Gulf of Aden.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Endemic — A species that occurs naturally only in one particular area and nowhere else.
Archipelago — A group or chain of islands lying close together in the sea.
Buffer zone — An area around a heritage site that is given extra protection to shield the site itself.
Background
Syria is a country located on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea in southwestern Asia, and its capital is Damascus.
Its neighbouring countries are Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, Israel and Lebanon.
Turkey lies on its northern border and Iraq on its east; Jordan and Israel lie to the south, and Lebanon together with the Mediterranean Sea to its west.
Key physical features include the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, Mount Hermon, the Euphrates River, Lake Al-Asad and the Orontes River.
The Euphrates River and the Orontes River are the two rivers named among those key features.
Lake Al-Asad is the large inland water body marked on physical maps of the country.
Capital:
Damascus
Sea on the west:
Mediterranean Sea
Neighbouring countries:
Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon
Major rivers:
Euphrates, Orontes
Why it matters for exams: Map-based questions on West Asia regularly ask which countries border Syria and which rivers cross it.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Anti-Lebanon Mountains — A mountain range running along the border between Syria and Lebanon, east of the Lebanon range.
Orontes River — A river of western Syria that flows northwards through the country's coastal valley.
Background
Dachigam National Park is located 22 km from Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir.
It covers an area of 141 sq km.
The name literally stands for 'ten villages', said to recall the ten villages relocated to create the park.
The park is best known as the home of the hangul, or Kashmir stag.
Dachigam was initially established to ensure the supply of clean drinking water to Srinagar city.
A protected area since 1910, it was declared as a national park in 1981.
Area:
141 sq km
Distance from Srinagar:
22 km
Protected area since:
1910
Declared a national park:
1981
Why it matters for exams: Protected area questions pair an animal with its park, and the hangul is asked almost only with Dachigam, along with the park's area and its water supply origin.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Hangul — The Kashmir stag, a red deer of the Kashmir valley whose main surviving home is Dachigam.
National park — A strictly protected area where grazing, settlement and private rights are not allowed.
14 October 2026
Residents of more than 66,000 Chandigarh Housing Board (CHB) houses no longer need the board's prior approval or a no-objection certificate (NOC) to install rooftop solar plants.
Punjab Governor and UT Administrator Gulab Chand Kataria approved the change for all CHB dwelling units with immediate effect.
An order issued by CHB Chairman H Rajesh Prasad says installations must follow the guidelines of the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana.
They must be carried out through the Chandigarh Renewable Energy, Science and Technology Promotion Society (CREST).
Chandigarh has already put rooftop solar on all 6,366 technically feasible government offices and residential complexes, with 18.1 MWp of capacity.
Under the scheme the Centre gives a subsidy of up to Rs 78,000 for residential rooftop systems of up to 3 kW.
CHB houses covered:
More than 66,000
Government buildings with rooftop solar:
6,366
Installed capacity:
18.1 MWp
Maximum subsidy (up to 3 kW):
Rs 78,000
Why it matters for exams: PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana and rooftop solar targets are standard scheme questions in environment and economy papers.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
NOC No-objection certificate — A written statement from an authority that it has no objection to a proposed action.
CHB Chandigarh Housing Board — The public housing agency of the Union Territory of Chandigarh.
CREST Chandigarh Renewable Energy, Science and Technology Promotion Society — The UT agency that implements renewable energy projects in Chandigarh.
MWp Megawatt peak — The maximum output of a solar installation under standard test conditions.
PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana — Central scheme launched in February 2024 that subsidises household rooftop solar.
14 October 2026
Scientists have restored bleached coral in a laboratory by placing it in contact with a healthy fragment, according to findings reported in Science Advances on 14 October 2026.
Bleaching occurs when rising sea temperatures stress corals and they expel the symbiotic algae known as Symbiodiniaceae that give them their colour and most of their nutrients.
Danny Collins, then a PhD student at Stanford University, prepared ten pairs of coral fragments from the same animal, Pocillopora damicornis.
Five pairs were set up so that their fragments touched and five were separated by a few millimetres.
In the touching pairs, the bleached coral recovered within eight weeks, with the symbiont population doubling every four days by week two.
Stephen Palumbi at Hopkins Marine Station first noticed the effect, and co-author Fiorenza Micheli of Stanford's Center for Ocean Solutions said the result may inspire scalable solutions.
Journal:
Science Advances, 14 October 2026
Coral species:
Pocillopora damicornis
Recovery time in touching pairs:
Within eight weeks
Symbiont doubling time by week two:
Every four days
Why it matters for exams: Coral bleaching, symbiotic algae and marine conservation research are standard environment and science questions.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Symbiodiniaceae Symbiodiniaceae — The family of photosynthetic algae that live inside coral tissues and supply most of their nutrients.
Coral bleaching Coral bleaching — The loss of symbiotic algae from coral tissue under heat stress, turning the coral white.
14 October 2026
Cheruvayal Raman, the Padma Shri awardee and tribal farmer known for preserving Kerala's traditional paddy varieties, died on 14 October 2026 at the age of 75. He was undergoing treatment at the Government Medical College Hospital, Kozhikode. Of the more than 100 traditional varieties that existed in Wayanad a century ago, he cultivated and conserved 30, helping safeguard the region's agricultural biodiversity. A native of Edavaka Kammana near Mananthavady in Wayanad district, he was widely known as 'Nellachan', the 'Father of Rice in Wayanad'. He took up farming at the age of 17 without any formal training in agriculture. He was conferred the Padma Shri in 2023.
Age at death:
75
Traditional paddy varieties conserved:
30
District:
Wayanad
Padma Shri:
2023
Why it matters for exams: Padma awardees from Kerala and in-situ conservation of indigenous crop varieties are recurring Kerala PSC and UPSC agriculture and awards questions.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
In-situ conservation Conservation in the natural habitat — Protecting crop varieties by continuing to grow them on farms rather than storing them only in gene banks.
14 October 2026
A study published in Nature on 14 October 2026 estimates that conservation areas likely already cover 26.81 per cent of the terrestrial realm.
Official global figures report coverage of 18.5 per cent.
The authors, led by Helen M. K. O'Neill, sampled 25 countries and territories using national datasets and extrapolated the result.
Under Target 3 of the Global Biodiversity Framework, governments committed to raise coverage to at least 30 per cent by 2030.
The count includes protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs).
The study warns the extra land does not substantially fill gaps in ecological representativeness, so meeting the area figure alone will do little to stop biodiversity loss.
Estimated land coverage:
26.81 per cent
Officially reported coverage:
18.5 per cent
GBF Target 3:
At least 30 per cent by 2030
Sample:
25 countries and territories
Why it matters for exams: The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and its 30 by 2030 target are core environment topics.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
OECM Other effective area-based conservation measure — An area that conserves biodiversity without conservation being its primary purpose, often run by private owners or communities.
Global Biodiversity Framework Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework — The 2022 agreement under the Convention on Biological Diversity setting biodiversity targets for 2030.
14 October 2026
Revenue Minister A.P. Anilkumar told the Assembly that desilting of rivers would restart by December-end or early January, with 182 quays identified, to be operated by local bodies; clearances from the Industries and Environment Departments are still pending.
Irrigation Minister Mons Joseph said desilting had stopped in the State by 2017.
He cited a Kerala Engineering Research Institute study showing the carrying capacity of 15 Irrigation Department dams had fallen by an average of 13.82%.
Speaker Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan raised flooding around Vembanad Lake, which cannot drain the five rivers that flow into it.
The Chief Minister assured a time-bound project to protect the Vembanad region, affecting Kottayam, Pathanamthitta, Alappuzha and parts of Ernakulam.
Restart:
December-end or early January
Quays identified:
182
Dam capacity loss (15 dams):
13.82% average
Desilting halted:
By 2017
Why it matters for exams: Vembanad Lake, Kuttanad flooding and river sand mining are recurring Kerala geography and environment topics.
Kerala PSC
In plain words
KERI Kerala Engineering Research Institute — The Irrigation Department's research institute at Peechi, Thrissur.
Desilting Desilting — Removing sand and silt from river beds and reservoirs to restore their capacity.
Background
Three of Iraq's six World Heritage properties carry a second listing as well. Ashur, also written Qal'at Sherqat, was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2003 under criteria (iii) and (iv), and was placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger in the same year, 2003, the first Iraqi property to go on that list. Samarra Archaeological City followed in 2007 and Hatra in 2015. Ashur remains on the Danger List. It stands on the Tigris and was the first capital of the Assyrian empire, which makes it one of the fixed names in any Mesopotamian question alongside Nineveh, Babylon and Ur.
Inscribed:
2003
On Danger List since:
2003
Criteria:
(iii), (iv)
Other name:
Qal'at Sherqat
Why it matters for exams: The List of World Heritage in Danger is a separate list, and Ashur is the standard Iraqi example of a property on both at once.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
List of World Heritage in Danger List of World Heritage in Danger — A separate UNESCO list of World Heritage properties facing serious and specific threats.
Background
The marshes at the heart of Iraq's water crisis are themselves a World Heritage property. The Ahwar of Southern Iraq: Refuge of Biodiversity and the Relict Landscape of the Mesopotamian Cities is a serial property of seven components inscribed in 2016 under criteria (iii), (v), (ix) and (x). Four are wetland marshes: Huwaizah, the Central Marshes, East Hammar and West Hammar, together described as one of the world's largest inland delta systems. Three are archaeological cities: Uruk, Ur and Tell Eridu, remains of Sumerian cities that grew on the marshy delta of the Tigris and the Euphrates in the fourth and third millennia BCE. The property covers about 211,544 hectares with a buffer zone of about 209,321 hectares.
Components:
7
Marshes:
Huwaizah, Central Marshes, East Hammar, West Hammar
Archaeological cities:
Uruk, Ur, Tell Eridu
Area:
About 211,544 ha
Criteria:
(iii), (v), (ix), (x)
Why it matters for exams: Ur and Uruk, the Tigris-Euphrates delta and a mixed World Heritage listing all meet in one answer, which is exactly why this is asked.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Ahwar Ahwar — The Arabic word for the marshes of southern Iraq.
Serial property Serial World Heritage property — A single World Heritage listing made up of several separate component sites.
14 October 2026
The Prime Minister will inaugurate and dedicate five development projects in Ladakh worth about ₹3,350 crore on 15 October 2026 at about 12:30 PM through video conferencing. The new passenger terminal building at Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport in Leh costs ₹640 crore, covers 23,800 square metres, is designed for 3.5 million passengers a year and uses geothermal energy. The 298 km Nimmu-Padum-Darcha road, built by the Border Roads Organisation, links Nimmu in Leh to Darcha in Himachal Pradesh through the Zanskar valley and crosses the Shinku La pass, giving an alternative route to Ladakh. The 9 MW Hanu small hydroelectric project comes with the Dah-Hanu-Khaltsi double-circuit transmission line. A petroglyph conservation park at Sindhu Ghat in Leh, India's first, will protect Ladakh's prehistoric rock carvings. The Hima Sarovar project creates 40 water bodies in 40 villages, aligned with Mission Amrit Sarovar, to conserve water for irrigation.
Total value:
About ₹3,350 crore
Leh airport terminal:
₹640 crore, 23,800 sq m
Nimmu-Padum-Darcha road:
298 km, built by BRO
Hanu hydel project:
9 MW
Hima Sarovar:
40 water bodies in 40 villages
Why it matters for exams: Ladakh geography, the Shinku La pass, the Border Roads Organisation and a first-of-its-kind heritage park together make a question that tests place knowledge and schemes at once.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Petroglyph Petroglyph — A prehistoric image carved or chiselled into rock.
BRO Border Roads Organisation — The body that builds and maintains roads in India's border areas.
Shinku La Shinku La pass — A high mountain pass on the Nimmu-Padum-Darcha route between Ladakh and Himachal Pradesh.
Background
Qatar is a peninsula on the western coast of the Arabian Gulf.
It is approximately 100 km wide and 200 km long.
Its islands include Halul, Shirawa and Al-Ashat.
Qatar shares its southern border with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
It joined the United Nations in 1971.
Width:
approximately 100 km
Length:
200 km
Southern neighbour:
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Joined the UN:
1971
Why it matters for exams: Location, size, neighbours and islands are standard country-profile questions, and the Saudi land border is the usual one asked.
UPSCSSC