5 October 2026
WHO is joining Pacific leaders, governments and partners at Pre-COP31 in Fiji from 5 to 8 October 2026.
The 31st Conference of the Parties (COP31) to the UNFCCC will be held next month in Antalya, Türkiye.
Health is one of the 10 priority themes of the COP31 Action Agenda, "Dynamic and Resilient Health Systems".
A dedicated Health Day will take place on 9 November, the first day of COP31.
A review of 76 hospitals in 14 Pacific island countries found 62% of health facilities are within 500 metres of the sea or a river.
Pre-COP31:
Fiji, 5 to 8 October 2026
COP31 venue:
Antalya, Türkiye
Health Day:
9 November, first day of COP31
Facilities within 500 m of sea or river:
62% (76 hospitals, 14 Pacific island countries)
Why it matters for exams: Climate conferences, their host cities and their themes are recurring questions in environment and international-affairs papers.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change — The UN treaty under which the annual COP climate conferences are held.
COP Conference of the Parties — The UNFCCC's decision-making body, in which member countries meet each year.
Background
The Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 21 May 1997 (resolution 51/229).
It entered into force on 17 August 2014.
Article 5 requires states to use a shared watercourse in an equitable and reasonable manner.
Article 7 requires states to take all appropriate measures to prevent significant harm to other watercourse states.
States planning measures with significant adverse effects must give other affected states timely notice.
The Convention has 37 articles.
Adopted:
21 May 1997, resolution 51/229
Entered into force:
17 August 2014
Articles:
37
Why it matters for exams: Gives the legal basis for river-sharing disputes such as the Nile, which come up in international relations and geography papers.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Equitable and reasonable utilization Article 5 principle — States must use a shared river in a fair way that weighs all relevant factors.
No-harm rule Obligation not to cause significant harm — States must take all appropriate measures to prevent significant harm to other watercourse states.
5 October 2026
An India-born female cheetah, KJP21, has given birth to 5 healthy cubs at Kuno National Park.
KJP21 is 32 months old and is the third Indian-born female to give birth, after Mukhi and KGP12.
The cubs' father is a Botswanan male cheetah, so they begin the Botswanan lineage in India.
India's cheetah population has reached 60, of which 41 are Indian-born.
The announcement was made by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change; Bhupender Yadav is the Union Minister.
Cubs born:
5
Cheetah population in India:
60
Indian-born cheetahs:
41
Mother's age:
32 months (KJP21)
Why it matters for exams: Project Cheetah and Kuno National Park recur in environment and wildlife-conservation questions.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Project Cheetah Cheetah reintroduction project — India's programme to reintroduce the cheetah, with Kuno National Park as its site in this release.
Background
The Lakshadweep Administration records Bitra as the smallest inhabited island in the territory, with a land area of 0.105 sq km. It is 0.57 km long and 0.28 km wide at its broadest point, but its lagoon covers 45.61 sq km. Bitra lies at 11 degrees 36 minutes North and 72 degrees 11 minutes East, 483 km or 261 nautical miles from Kochi. The recorded population is 271. The administration notes that before 1835 the island was a breeding ground for seabirds. The first permanent settler was a woman from Chetlat who, with her son, set up a house there around 1945. A small shrine to Malik Mulla, an Arab saint said to be buried there, draws pilgrims from the neighbouring islands.
Land area:
0.105 sq km
Lagoon area:
45.61 sq km
Population:
271
Distance from Kochi:
483 km (261 nautical miles)
Why it matters for exams: Smallest and largest units of a Union Territory are routine one-mark questions, and Bitra is the extreme case in Lakshadweep.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Nautical mile — A unit of distance at sea, longer than a land mile, used in navigation.
Background
The Lakshadweep Administration describes the Union Territory as 12 atolls, three reefs and five submerged banks. Ten islands are inhabited: Kavaratti, Agatti, Amini, Kadmat, Kiltan, Chetlat, Bitra, Andrott, Kalpeni and Minicoy. Alongside these the administration counts 17 uninhabited islands with attached islets and four newly formed islets. The total land area is 32 sq km, while the lagoon area is about 4,200 sq km. Territorial waters run to 20,000 sq km and the economic zone to about 4 lakhs sq km. The population recorded for the Union Territory is 64429 persons. The uninhabited island of Bangaram was enumerated and returned a population of 61 persons.
Atolls:
12
Reefs:
three
Submerged banks:
five
Land area:
32 Sq.Kms
Lagoon area:
about 4,200 Sq.kms
Population:
64429 persons
Why it matters for exams: The atoll-reef-bank count and the ten inhabited islands are the standard one-mark facts on Lakshadweep.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
Atoll — A ring-shaped coral reef enclosing a lagoon.
Lagoon — The shallow sheltered water between an island and its surrounding reef.
Economic zone Exclusive Economic Zone — The sea belt where a coastal state has the sole right to explore and use marine resources.
5 October 2026
Environment Minister Sunny Joseph has said Kerala wants the final Western Ghats Ecologically Sensitive Area notification confined to forest land, with inhabited areas, farmland and plantations completely excluded.
The current draft notification puts Kerala's ESA at 9,993.7 sq km, made up of 9,107 sq km of forest area and 886.7 sq km of non-forest area, already down from the 13,108 sq km of the Kasturirangan report.
Kerala has now asked that the 886.7 sq km of non-forest area be excluded as well, has proposed an extent of 8,590.69 sq km, and has asked that the villages covered be reduced from 131 to 98.
A cadastral map showing ESA boundaries at village level has now been prepared and awaits government approval before publication; it can be searched by place name but does not carry survey numbers.
The revised proposal leaves out the Cardamom Hill Reserve, inhabited areas and plantation regions.
Kasturirangan ESA for Kerala:
13,108 sq km
Current draft ESA:
9,993.7 sq km
Forest / non-forest split:
9,107 sq km and 886.7 sq km
Extent Kerala proposes:
8,590.69 sq km
Villages:
131 to be reduced to 98
Why it matters for exams: The Western Ghats ESA figures, the Kasturirangan report and the village count are asked in both Kerala PSC and UPSC environment papers.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
ESA Ecologically Sensitive Area — An area notified by the Union environment ministry where certain activities are restricted to protect its ecology.
Cadastral map Cadastral map — A survey map that shows land parcels and boundaries village by village.
Kasturirangan report High Level Working Group on the Western Ghats — The 2013 report that recommended marking part of the Western Ghats as ecologically sensitive.
Cardamom Hill Reserve Cardamom Hill Reserve — A large tract of cardamom-growing hill land in Idukki district held under a special land tenure.
5 October 2026
The paper, published in Nature on 30 September 2026, tests the long-held idea that high-contrast patterning confuses a predator's perception of motion.
Elementary motion detector models found that naturally patterned butterflies produced significantly greater motion confusion than unpatterned controls, both forward-backward and sideways.
Across 397 European butterfly species, Papilionidae consistently showed high confusion through contrasting stripes, while Nymphalidae varied widely.
With 100 human participants, high-confusion patterns misdirected attacks by about 38 per cent of average body length along the attack path.
A genetic algorithm that evolved 57,600 digital butterfly patterns for motion confusion converged independently on high-contrast striped designs resembling real species.
Vertical stripe orientation, uneven stripe distribution, hindwing luminance and wing roughness such as tails did most to raise confusion.
Journal and date:
Nature, 30 September 2026
Species analysed:
397 European butterfly species
Human participants:
100
Digital patterns evolved:
57,600
Attack misdirection:
about 38 per cent of average body length
Why it matters for exams: A clean example of adaptation and natural selection explained through an experiment, with figures that are easy to ask about.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
EMD elementary motion detector — A computational model of the circuits animal eyes use to sense movement.
Papilionidae the swallowtail butterfly family — A butterfly family that often carries bold contrasting stripes and tailed hindwings.
Genetic algorithm genetic algorithm — A computer method that improves designs by repeated selection, imitating evolution.
Background
Satmaliya Deer Park lies inside the Dadra and Nagar Haveli wildlife sanctuary.
It stands on the Khanvel-Silvassa road near Dapada, in the Dadra and Nagar Haveli district.
The park houses blackbuck, chital or spotted deer, sambhar deer, nilgai, chinkara and the four-horned antelope.
Birds recorded there include peacocks, the flame-back woodpecker and thrushes.
The park has mud trails, a waterhole and a watchtower known as a machan.
Visitors cross it in government-operated vans.
Location:
Khanvel-Silvassa road near Dapada
District:
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Why it matters for exams: The four-horned antelope and chinkara are species questions that examiners pair with the places that hold them.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Machan Machan — A raised watchtower or platform used to observe wildlife.
Background
Vasona Lion Safari spans 20 hectares.
It lies within the Dadra and Nagar Haveli Wildlife Sanctuary.
The safari is about 10 km from Silvassa town and is reached by the Khanvel-Silvassa road.
It is a protected habitat for Asiatic lions.
Visitors move through the enclosure in mesh-screened safari vehicles on a ride of about 30 minutes.
Area:
20 hectares
Distance from Silvassa:
about 10 km
Species:
Asiatic lions
Why it matters for exams: Asiatic lions outside Gujarat's Gir landscape are a favourite environment question, and this safari is one such site.
Kerala PSCUPSC
Background
The forest department of the Union Territory records a Recorded Forest Area of 212.47 sq. kms.
Within that, Reserved Forests account for 113.07 sq. km, Wildlife Sanctuaries for 94.4 sq. km and Protected Forest for 5 sq. km.
Forest Cover in the Union Territory is 207.16 sq. km, which is 42.19 per cent of its geographical area.
By canopy density, Moderately Dense Forest is 79.93 sq. km and Open Forest is 127.23 sq. km.
The forests of Dadra and Nagar Haveli are Tropical Moist Deciduous and Tropical Dry Deciduous, while those of Daman and Diu are Littoral and Swamp Forests.
Mangroves in the Fudam Bird Sanctuary of Diu form a spawning ground for fishes.
Recorded Forest Area:
212.47 sq. kms
Forest Cover:
207.16 sq. km
Share of geographical area:
42.19%
Wildlife Sanctuaries:
94.4 sq. km
Why it matters for exams: Forest cover percentages of small Union Territories are a recurring environment and statistics question.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
RFA Recorded Forest Area — Land recorded as forest in government records, whether or not it carries tree cover.
Background
Huascaran National Park in Peru was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1985 under criteria (vii) and (viii).
It covers 340,000 ha in the Cordillera Blanca, described as the world's highest tropical mountain range.
Mount Huascaran, Peru's highest peak, rises to 6,768 m above sea-level.
The park holds 27 snow-capped peaks above 6,000 m.a.s.l.
It also contains over 600 glaciers, almost 300 lakes and 41 tributaries of major rivers.
Its wildlife includes the spectacled bear and the Andean condor, and its flora includes the Queen of the Andes.
Year inscribed:
1985
Area:
340,000 ha
Mount Huascaran:
6,768 m above sea-level
Peaks above 6,000 m:
27
Glaciers:
over 600
Why it matters for exams: The highest peak of a country and its flagship World Heritage natural site are standard geography questions.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Cordillera Blanca White Range — The snow-covered Andean range in Peru's Ancash region, the world's highest tropical mountain range.
Background
National Waterway-1 is the river Ganga, which connects Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. National Waterway-2 is the river Brahmaputra, which provides alternate waterway connectivity to the North-Eastern Region through the Indo-Bangladesh Protocol route. Ongoing projects on National Waterway-1 and National Waterway-2 aim at capacity augmentation of these waterways. Movement of goods through National Waterway-2 and the Indo-Bangladesh Protocol route and through National Waterway-1 is seen as helpful in unlocking the economic potential of the North-Eastern Region. A pilot movement of 200 tonnes of Food Corporation of India food grain ran from Patna in Bihar to Pandu in Guwahati, Assam, via the Indo-Bangladesh Protocol route, covering 2,350 km, and a further pilot carried 1,798.27 tonnes of thermo-mechanically treated steel bars. In 2021-22, 319 vessels carrying 51,210 tonnes of stone aggregates and coal sailed from Dhubri in India to Chilmari in Bangladesh.
National Waterway-1:
River Ganga
National Waterway-2:
River Brahmaputra
Cross-border pair:
Dhubri (India) and Chilmari (Bangladesh)
Why it matters for exams: Which river is which National Waterway, and the Dhubri-Chilmari link, are directly askable one-mark facts.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
NW National Waterway — A river or canal stretch declared a national waterway for cargo and passenger movement.
Background
Bab el-Mandeb is the strait connecting the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden.
Yemen lies on its Asian side, while Djibouti and Eritrea lie on the African side.
The islands in and around the strait include Perim, also called Mayun, as well as Greater Hanish, Lesser Hanish and Jabal Zuqar.
It is the third busiest oil chokepoint in the world, after the Strait of Malacca and the Strait of Hormuz.
About one-tenth of the world's seaborne oil trade passes through it.
Houthi forces have enforced blockades on Israel-linked shipping passing through the strait.
Connects:
Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
Countries on the shores:
Yemen; Djibouti and Eritrea
Share of seaborne oil trade:
About one-tenth
Why it matters for exams: Maritime chokepoints are asked in both geography and economy papers, and Bab el-Mandeb is the gateway to the Suez route.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Chokepoint Narrow shipping passage — A narrow sea passage through which a large share of world trade must pass, and which can be closed or disrupted easily.
Background
There are three kinds of plate tectonic boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries. At a divergent boundary two plates move away from each other; molten rock rises from the mantle and solidifies to create new oceanic crust. At a convergent boundary two plates come together, and the edges may buckle up into mountain ranges or one plate may bend down into a deep seafloor trench. At a transform boundary two plates slide past each other. The mid-ocean ridge is the most extensive chain of mountains on Earth, stretching nearly 65,000 kilometers (40,390 miles), with more than 90 percent of the mountain range lying in the deep ocean. Mid-ocean ridges occur along divergent plate boundaries, where new ocean floor is created as the plates spread apart.
Kinds of plate tectonic boundary:
Three: divergent, convergent, and transform
Length of the mid-ocean ridge:
nearly 65,000 kilometers (40,390 miles)
Share of the range in the deep ocean:
more than 90 percent
Why it matters for exams: Boundary types and the length of the mid-ocean ridge system are standard physical geography questions, and the ridge explains where new ocean floor is made.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
Divergent boundary — A plate boundary where two plates move away from each other and new crust forms.
Convergent boundary — A plate boundary where two plates come together, forming mountains or a deep trench.
Transform boundary — A plate boundary where two plates slide past each other.
Background
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the United Nations specialized agency with responsibility for the safety and security of shipping and the prevention of marine and atmospheric pollution by ships. The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) is generally regarded as the most important of all international treaties concerning the safety of merchant ships, while the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) is the main international convention covering prevention of pollution of the marine environment by ships. SOLAS, 1974 was adopted on 1 November 1974 and entered into force on 25 May 1980. The MARPOL Convention was adopted on 2 November 1973, with a 1978 Protocol and a 1997 Protocol that added a new Annex VI. MARPOL's Annexes I and II entered into force on 2 October 1983. Annex I carries the Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil, and Annex II the Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk.
SOLAS adoption:
1 November 1974
SOLAS entry into force:
25 May 1980
MARPOL adoption:
1973 (Convention), 1978 (1978 Protocol), 1997 (Protocol - Annex VI)
MARPOL entry into force:
2 October 1983 (Annexes I and II)
Why it matters for exams: Candidates are regularly asked to match the maritime convention to its subject, and to separate the dates of adoption from the dates of entry into force.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
IMO International Maritime Organization — The United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety and security of shipping and for preventing pollution by ships.
SOLAS International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea — The IMO convention dealing with the safety of merchant ships and the people on board.
MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships — The IMO convention dealing with pollution of the sea and the air by ships, organised in annexes.
Background
The Antarctic Treaty was signed in Washington on 1 December 1959 by the twelve countries whose scientists had been active in and around Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-58. It entered into force in 1961 and has since been acceded to by many other nations. Article I provides that Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only. Article II provides that freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica and cooperation toward that end shall continue, and Article III that scientific observations and results from Antarctica shall be exchanged and made freely available. Seven of the signatories - Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom - had territorial claims, sometimes overlapping, and other countries do not recognize any claims. Article IV preserves the status quo: no acts or activities taking place while the treaty is in force shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica, and no new claim or enlargement of an existing claim shall be asserted while the treaty is in force. Under Article VII all areas of Antarctica, including all stations, installations and equipment within those areas, shall be open at all times to inspection.
Signed at:
Washington
Date of signature:
1 December 1959
Original signatories:
twelve countries
Entered into force:
1961
Peaceful purposes only:
Article I
Signatories with territorial claims:
seven countries
Why it matters for exams: The treaty is the standard example of a demilitarised, science-only regime, and the number of original signatories and the claim-freezing article are frequently asked.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
IGY International Geophysical Year — A worldwide programme of earth-science research during which scientists from twelve countries worked in and around Antarctica.
Territorial sovereignty — A state's legal claim to rule a defined piece of territory.
Background
Kerala has been through a deficient southwest monsoon: India Meteorological Department data for the period from 1st June to 17th September showed the State with a 28 per cent rainfall deficit, Wayanad with the highest shortfall at 54 per cent and Idukki at 47 per cent. The season whose shortfall is counted that way has a precisely defined beginning. The India Meteorological Department's guidelines for the onset of monsoon over Kerala say that if after 10th May, 60% of the available 14 stations enlisted report rainfall of 2.5 mm or more for two consecutive days, the onset over Kerala is declared on the 2nd day, provided two further criteria are in concurrence. The enlisted stations are Minicoy, Amini, Thiruvananthapuram, Punalur, Kollam, Allapuzha, Kottayam, Kochi, Thrissur, Kozhikode, Thalassery, Kannur, Kudulu and Mangalore. The second criterion is the wind field: over defined boxes north of the equator, the depth of westerlies should be maintained upto 600 hPa and the zonal wind speed should be of the order of 15 to 20 knots at 925 hPa. The third is Outgoing Longwave Radiation: the INSAT derived OLR value should be below 200 wm-2 over a defined box in the ocean west of Kerala. Southwest monsoon normally sets in over Kerala around 1st June, advances northwards usually in surges, and covers the entire country around 15th July.
Enlisted stations:
14
Share of stations required:
60%
Rainfall threshold:
2.5 mm or more for two consecutive days
OLR threshold:
below 200 wm-2
Normal onset over Kerala:
around 1st June
Why it matters for exams: Kerala is the one State whose name is written into a national weather declaration, and the station list and thresholds are asked as straight recall.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
OLR Outgoing Longwave Radiation — The heat radiation leaving the top of the atmosphere; a low value means thick cloud.
hPa hectopascal — The unit of air pressure used to name a height level in the atmosphere.
Westerlies — Winds blowing from the west, whose depth is one of the onset conditions.
Background
The Union Territory Administration describes Diu as a picturesque island situated in the Arabian Sea just off the southern coast of the Kathiawad Peninsula of Gujarat, which is also called Saurashtra. A portion of Diu District is on the mainland and is named Ghoghla. A small part of Diu known as Simbor is situated at a distance of 25 km from Diu and is reached through Gujarat. The district covers 40.00 Sq. Km. The attractions the Administration lists for Diu include the Diu Fort, the Naida Caves, the INS Khukhri Memorial, Gangeswar Mahadev, the Diu Museum, Saint Paul's Church, Nagoa Beach and Goghla Beach, which it records as holding Blue Flag certification. The town of Diu was an important port on the trade routes of the Arabian Sea, and the Battle of Diu was fought there in 1509 between Portugal and a combined force of Turkey, Egypt, Venice, the Republic of Ragusa and the Sultan of Gujarat.
Area:
40.00 Sq. Km
Mainland portion of the district:
Ghoghla
Distance of Simbor from Diu:
25 km
Beach recorded with Blue Flag certification:
Goghla Beach
Peninsula it lies off:
Kathiawad Peninsula
Why it matters for exams: Diu's position off Saurashtra, its mainland portion at Ghoghla and the detached pocket of Simbor are the kind of map facts a question turns on, and Blue Flag beaches are repeatedly examined.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
Blue Flag — An international certification awarded to beaches meeting set standards of cleanliness, safety and facilities.
Kathiawad Peninsula — The large peninsula of western Gujarat, also called Saurashtra.
Background
The district administration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli places the district on the western side of the foothills of the Western Ghats, with undulating terrain and 41.63% of its total geographical area under forest. It records the major tribes of the district as Varlies, Kokana, Dhodia and Dublas, and says no occasion in tribal life, whether a marriage or a harvest, is complete without a folk dance. The major dances it names are Tarpa, Dhol, Bhavada and Gherria. The district covers 491.00 sq.kms and recorded a population of 343709 at the 2011 Census. Its major river, the Daman Ganga, and its tributaries criss-cross the district and drain into the Arabian Sea at Daman. The administration's own account records the territory as comprising 72 villages.
Major tribes:
Varlies, Kokana, Dhodia and Dublas
Major dances:
Tarpa, Dhol, Bhavada and Gherria
Forest cover:
41.63%
Area:
491.00 sq.kms
Major river:
Daman Ganga
Villages:
72 villages
Why it matters for exams: Tribal composition and folk dance names for the smaller union territories are standard culture questions, and the 41.63% forest share with the Daman Ganga drainage is the geography an aspirant is expected to place.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Tarpa — A tribal folk dance of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, named after the wind instrument that leads it.
Undulating terrain — Land that rises and falls in low hills rather than lying flat.
Background
The oceanic birds generally found in Lakshadweep are Tharathasi (Sterna fuscata) and Karifetu (Anous solidus). They are generally found in one of the uninhabited islands known as PITTI, and this island has been declared as a bird sanctuary.
Coconut, Thenga (Cacos nucifera) is the only crop of economic importance in Lakshadweep, and it is grown in varieties such as Laccadive micro, Laccadive ordinary and green dwarf.
Two different varieties of sea grass are seen adjacent to the beaches, Thalassia hemprichin and Cymodocea isoetifolia; they prevent sea erosion and the movement of the beach sediments.
Banana, Colocassia (Colocassia antiquarum), drumstick (Moringa Oleifera), bread fruit (Artocarpus incisa) and wild almond (Terminalia Catappa) are grown extensively, while shrub jungle plants such as Kanni, Punna, Chavok (Casurina equisetifolia) and Cheerani (Thespesia Populnea) are unevenly grown throughout the islands.
Among molluscan forms the money cowrie (cypraea monita) is found in abundance in the shallow lagoons and reefs, and among crabs the hermit crab is the most common.
Colourful coral fish found in plenty include parrot fish (Callyedon sordidus), butterfly fish (Chaetodon auriga) and surgeon fish (Acanthurus lineotus).
Uninhabited island declared a bird sanctuary:
PITTI
Only crop of economic importance:
Coconut, Thenga (Cacos nucifera)
Oceanic birds generally found:
Tharathasi (Sterna fuscata) and Karifetu (Anous solidus)
Sea grasses adjacent to the beaches:
Thalassia hemprichin and Cymodocea isoetifolia
Why it matters for exams: Two facts here are asked again and again: that an uninhabited island of Lakshadweep is a bird sanctuary, and that coconut is the territory's single crop of economic importance, which is why coir and copra dominate its industry.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
Sea grass Sea grass — A flowering plant that grows in shallow seawater and holds the sea bed and the beach in place.
Money cowrie Money cowrie (cypraea monita) — A small sea snail whose shell was once used as currency across the Indian Ocean.
Sea erosion Sea erosion — The wearing away of a shoreline by waves and currents.