7 October 2026
A paper published online in Nature on 7 October 2026 reports a nuclear clock operating as a stand-alone device.
A continuous-wave laser is stabilised to the 148-nm nuclear transition of thorium-229, with the nuclei held in a millimetre-sized calcium fluoride crystal at room temperature.
Compared with a Yb+ single-ion atomic clock, its fractional frequency instability is about 3x10^-12 per square-root of averaging time, reaching roughly 10^-15 over one day.
The corresponding authors are E. Peik (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig) and T. Schumm (TU Wien, Vienna).
The team searched for ultralight dark matter; no signal exceeded the detection threshold, so they set upper limits competitive with the best atomic clocks.
Nuclear transition wavelength:
148 nm
Host crystal:
Calcium fluoride, millimetre-sized, room temperature
Instability after one day:
Roughly 10^-15
Why it matters for exams: Nuclear clocks, dark matter searches and precision timekeeping are standard science-and-technology current-affairs topics.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Thorium-229 Isotope of thorium — An isotope whose nucleus has a low-energy transition that a laser can drive.
7 October 2026
On 7 October 2026 NASA released over 800 GB of Artemis II lunar science data, some of it previously unreleased.
The data was uploaded to NASA's Planetary Data System.
It includes more than 11,000 full-resolution images and videos from the crew's handheld cameras and Orion's cameras.
It also carries 8.5 hours of audio recordings of the crew's observations, and crew-annotated images.
The lunar flyby was on 6 April 2026 (Flight Day 6); the crew were Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch and Canadian Space Agency astronaut Jeremy Hansen.
Data released:
over 800 GB
Images and videos:
more than 11,000
Crew audio:
8.5 hours
Lunar flyby:
6 April 2026
Why it matters for exams: Artemis, Orion and crew details are frequent space-science questions, and the Planetary Data System is NASA's public data archive.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
Artemis NASA's lunar exploration programme — The NASA programme to return humans to the Moon.
Orion Orion crew spacecraft — The capsule that carried the Artemis II crew around the Moon.
7 October 2026
The Haryana Forest and Wildlife Department is planning to install artificial intelligence enabled cameras at identified locations across the state to keep a systematic count of migratory bird species.
Chief Wildlife Warden Navdeep Singh said on 7 October 2026 that the system is expected to help the department identify and record birds more efficiently and reduce dependence on manual counting.
Cameras are already working at Sultanpur National Park in Gurugram and at Kalesar National Park in Yamunanagar, and more sites are to be covered.
Coverage will extend to notified wetlands and other water bodies, with the peak migration season in November and December.
Officials said about 200 bird species, of which about 100 are migratory, visit Haryana every year, as the state lies along the Central Asian Flyway.
Wildlife Week 2026 is being observed from 2 to 8 October on the theme of connecting habitats for thriving wildlife.
Bird species visiting Haryana yearly:
About 200, of which about 100 are migratory
Parks where cameras already work:
Sultanpur National Park and Kalesar National Park
Why it matters for exams: The Central Asian Flyway, Haryana's two national parks and the use of artificial intelligence in wildlife counting are all examinable.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Central Asian Flyway A migratory route linking Arctic and Central Asian breeding grounds with South Asia — India lies on this flyway, which is why northern Indian wetlands fill with winter visitors.
7 October 2026
A woman who worked at a laboratory in Russia's Irkutsk oblast in Siberia died, and the World Health Organization said the authorities were examining whether pneumonic plague caused her death.
WHO spokesperson Christian Lindmeier told reporters in Geneva that her workplace was an institute studying dangerous pathogens, including plague, in a part of Siberia where plague occurs naturally in wild animals.
On 7 October, WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said Russian regulators had told WHO there was no evidence pneumonic plague played a part in her death and that no pathogens had been detected; about 200 of her contacts were placed in quarantine.
Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, usually found in small mammals and their fleas.
Pneumonic plague occurs when the bacteria infect the lungs and can spread from person to person through respiratory particles.
WHO says this form can be fatal within 18 to 24 hours of onset if untreated, but common antibiotics for enterobacteria can cure it if given early.
Nearly 4,000 plague cases and 423 deaths were reported across 10 countries between 2019 and 2025, most of them in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Madagascar.
Region:
Irkutsk oblast, Siberia, Russia
Causative bacterium:
Yersinia pestis
Untreated pneumonic plague:
can be fatal within 18 to 24 hours
Contacts quarantined:
about 200
Why it matters for exams: Plague, its causative organism and the difference between its bubonic and pneumonic forms are standard biology and public health questions.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Yersinia pestis Yersinia pestis — The bacterium that causes plague, usually carried by small mammals and their fleas.
Pneumonic plague Pneumonic plague — The lung form of plague, which can pass directly between people through respiratory particles.
7 October 2026
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2026 to Henri B. Kagan and Kenso Soai.
The citation is "for the discovery of non-linear effects and autocatalysis in asymmetric organic synthesis".
Some molecules, such as amino acids, exist as two mirror images, but living organisms contain only one of them, a property chemists call homochirality.
Kagan in 1986 found a way to obtain a far greater excess of one mirror image than had been thought possible; Soai described a reaction with the potential to be homochiral in 1995 and achieved it in 2003.
Heiner Linke, chair of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry, said the two had solved a chemical mystery more than a century old.
Kagan, born 1930 in Boulogne-Billancourt, France, is Professor Emeritus at the then Universite Paris-Sud; Soai, born 1950 in Hiroshima, is Professor Emeritus at Tokyo University of Science.
The prize amount is 12 million Swedish kronor, to be shared equally.
Laureates:
Henri B. Kagan, Kenso Soai
Prize amount:
12 million Swedish kronor
Awarding body:
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Why it matters for exams: Nobel Prize laureates, their citation and the awarding institution are asked almost every year in Kerala PSC and UPSC general studies papers.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Homochirality Homochirality — The property of living systems of using only one of the two mirror-image forms of a molecule.
Autocatalysis Autocatalysis — A reaction in which the product itself speeds up the reaction that makes it.
7 October 2026
The Kerala government announced on 7 October 2026 that the 'Tech Keralam' brand, which will coordinate the state's technology sector, is to be launched at Technopark, Thiruvananthapuram.
The IT Park Affiliation Scheme will be launched along with it.
Minister for Information Technology, Artificial Intelligence and Future Technology P. K. Kunhalikutty will inaugurate the event at Travancore Hall, Technopark, at 4 pm on 8 October 2026.
V. Muraleedharan, MLA, will preside over the function.
The Technopark Prefabricated IT Building Project, the exchange of a memorandum of understanding between Technopark and Caspian Tech Parks, the Semicon Keralam Consortium and Maker Hub will also be announced at the event.
IT Department Special Secretary Seeram Sambasiva Rao, Technopark CEO Sachin Kumar Yadav and Infopark and Cyberpark CEO Sushant Kurunthil are among those attending.
Venue:
Travancore Hall, Technopark, Thiruvananthapuram
Inaugurated by:
P. K. Kunhalikutty, Minister for Information Technology
Date and time:
8 October 2026, 4 pm
Why it matters for exams: A new state technology brand, a semiconductor consortium and an IT park affiliation scheme are fresh institutional names an examiner can ask about directly.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Technopark — Kerala's IT park at Thiruvananthapuram, the state's first and oldest technology park.
Semicon Keralam Consortium — A grouping announced along with the Tech Keralam brand to work on the semiconductor sector in the state.
MoU Memorandum of Understanding — A written understanding between two bodies setting out what each will do, short of a binding contract.
7 October 2026
The 1,020 MW Punatsangchhu-II hydroelectric project stands on the Punatsangchhu river in Wangdue Phodrang dzongkhag.
It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the King of Bhutan, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck.
The project cost Rs 37,778 million, met by India as a 30 per cent grant and a 70 per cent loan.
It is a run-of-the-river plant with six units; unit 6 of 170 MW was connected in August 2025 and the other five were commissioned between December 2024 and July 2025.
The six units have supplied more than 1.3 billion units of electricity to Bhutan's grid, earning about Nu 4.9 billion.
The project raises Bhutan's total power generation capacity by nearly 40 per cent.
Capacity:
1,020 MW
River:
Punatsangchhu
Dzongkhag:
Wangdue Phodrang
Cost:
Rs 37,778 million
Units:
6
Capacity increase:
nearly 40 per cent
Why it matters for exams: Punatsangchhu-II is the single largest addition to Bhutan's hydropower capacity and is funded on the grant-plus-loan pattern India uses in Bhutan.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
Run-of-the-river Run-of-the-river hydropower — A plant that uses the river's own flow with little or no large storage reservoir.
Dzongkhag Dzongkhag — A district of Bhutan, the country's main unit of local administration.
Background
The International Telecommunication Union is the United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies.
Its membership is made up of 194 Member States and more than 1000 companies, universities and international and regional organizations.
It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and has regional offices on every continent.
The Union is the oldest agency in the UN family, connecting people for over 160 years.
It was established in 1865 to manage the first international telegraph networks, and its mandate has since expanded to voice telephony, radiocommunications, communications satellites and, most recently, artificial intelligence and the metaverse.
Its Member States have set two strategic goals for the Union for 2024 to 2027: universal connectivity and sustainable digital transformation.
ITU's work is organised in the Radiocommunication, Standardization and Development sectors, and its top five officials were elected at the 21st Plenipotentiary Conference.
Established:
1865
Member States:
194
Other members:
more than 1000 companies, universities and international and regional organizations
Headquarters:
Geneva, Switzerland
Strategic goals 2024 to 2027:
universal connectivity and sustainable digital transformation
Why it matters for exams: Which UN agency is the oldest, and its 1865 telegraph origin and 194 Member States, are standard international-organisation questions.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
ITU International Telecommunication Union — The UN specialized agency for information and communication technologies.
Sector Member Sector Member of ITU — A company, university or organization that joins an ITU sector alongside Member States.
Background
CERN describes its work as uncovering what the universe is made of and how it works, by providing a unique range of particle accelerator facilities to researchers.
The Laboratory was established in 1954 and has become a prime example of international collaboration.
It is governed by 25 Member States together with 11 Associated Member States.
Its postal address is at 1211 Geneva 23 in Switzerland.
Among its stated aims are using its flagship accelerator, the LHC, to its maximum potential during the high-luminosity phase, and preparing for a post-LHC high-energy accelerator project.
Its facilities include the CERN accelerator complex, the HiLumi LHC upgrade and the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid.
Established:
1954
Member States:
25
Associated Member States:
11
Address:
1211 Geneva 23
Why it matters for exams: CERN's founding year, its Geneva base and its 25 Member States are recurring general-science and international-organisation questions.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
LHC Large Hadron Collider — CERN's flagship accelerator, now being used in its high-luminosity phase.
WLCG Worldwide LHC Computing Grid — The distributed computing system that handles LHC experiment data.
Background
The National Centre for Biological Sciences describes itself as a premier research institute with the facilities a research scientist may need.
The science at NCBS is carried out as a part of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.
Research interests of its faculty members lie in the frontier areas of biology.
The Centre uses experimental and computational approaches in the study of molecules, cells and organisms, aiming to understand biology at each of these levels to advance an integrated view of life processes.
NCBS's main campus is in Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra (GKVK) on Bellary Road, in the north of Bangalore.
The campus has accommodation for students, visitors and faculty and facilities for child-care, sports and recreation, and a second nearby campus adds further student accommodation.
Parent institution:
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
Main campus:
Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra (GKVK), Bellary Road, north of Bangalore
Approaches used:
experimental and computational
Levels studied:
molecules, cells and organisms
Why it matters for exams: Which parent institution NCBS belongs to, and its GKVK campus in Bangalore, are the facts usually tested about this centre.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
GKVK Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra — The Bellary Road location in the north of Bangalore where NCBS's main campus sits.
NCBS National Centre for Biological Sciences — Its science is carried out as a part of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.
Background
The Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research is an autonomous institution established in 1989 by the Department of Science and Technology to commemorate the birth centenary year of Jawaharlal Nehru.
Prof. C. N. R. Rao, FRS, was the founding President of the Centre.
The Centre was registered as a society with Dr. Raja Ramanna, the eminent physicist and former Chairman of the Department of Atomic Energy, as its first Chairman.
It was recognised as an Institution Deemed to be University by the University Grants Commission in 2002.
Research is carried out in Units such as Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Engineering Mechanics, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Theoretical Sciences, New Chemistry, Geodynamics, Neurosciences and Education Technology.
The International Centre for Materials Science at the Centre was established with funding from the Department of Science and Technology.
The Centre has been accredited with NAAC A++ grade, scoring 3.76 out of 4 points, and its campus is at Jakkur, Bengaluru.
Established:
1989
Set up by:
Department of Science and Technology, GoI
Founding President:
Prof. C. N. R. Rao, FRS
First Chairman:
Dr. Raja Ramanna
Deemed to be University:
2002
NAAC accreditation:
A++ grade (3.76 out of 4 points)
Why it matters for exams: The 1989 founding for the Nehru birth centenary, C. N. R. Rao as founding President and Raja Ramanna as first Chairman are precise, repeatable facts.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
NAAC National Assessment and Accreditation Council — It accredited JNCASR with the A++ grade at 3.76 out of 4 points.
FRS Fellow of the Royal Society — The honour held by the Centre's founding President, Prof. C. N. R. Rao.
Background
Dr Homi Jehangir Bhabha established the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) in January 1954 for a multidisciplinary research programme essential for India's nuclear programme.
After the demise of Bhabha in 1966, AEET was renamed Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).
Bhabha had earlier established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, and he also established the BARC Training School to meet the manpower needs of the programme.
APSARA achieved criticality on August 4, 1956 and was the first research reactor in Asia to achieve criticality.
Apsara-U (Apsara-Upgraded) was commissioned and achieved its First Approach to Criticality on 10th September 2018, using indigenously developed Low Enriched Uranium fuel in Uranium Silicide form.
Indigenously built Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors form the backbone of the first stage of the Indian nuclear power programme, and plutonium-239 extracted from spent fuel serves as fuel for the Fast Breeder Reactors of the second stage.
AEET set up:
January 1954
Renamed BARC after Bhabha's demise in:
1966
Apsara achieved criticality:
August 4, 1956
Apsara-U First Approach to Criticality:
10th September 2018
Why it matters for exams: The 1954 AEET origin, the renaming after Bhabha and Apsara's 1956 criticality are standard one-mark facts on India's atomic energy programme.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
AEET Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay — The original name of BARC, set up in January 1954.
PHWR Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor — Indigenously built PHWRs form the backbone of the first stage of India's nuclear power programme.
LEU Low Enriched Uranium — Apsara-U uses indigenously developed LEU fuel in Uranium Silicide form.
7 October 2026
NASA and the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) report that Arctic sea ice reached its 2026 annual minimum on September 12, 2026.
The ice covered an estimated 4.6 million square kilometers (1.78 million square miles) at that point.
The 2026 minimum ties 2008, 2010 and 2025 for the 10th-lowest minimum in the satellite record.
Each of the past 20 summers, from 2007 through 2026, ranks among the 20 lowest minimum extents in the satellite record.
The lowest minimum of all occurred in September 2012.
The March 2026 maximum ice extent tied the 2025 maximum for the lowest in the satellite record.
The analysis was written by Michala Garrison for the NASA Earth Observatory.
2026 minimum extent:
4.6 million square kilometers (1.78 million square miles)
Date of minimum:
September 12, 2026
Rank in satellite record:
10th-lowest, tied with 2008, 2010 and 2025
Lowest minimum ever:
September 2012
Why it matters for exams: Arctic sea ice minimum figures and their ranking are a standard climate-data question in both Kerala PSC and UPSC papers.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
NSIDC National Snow and Ice Data Center — The United States centre that archives and reports snow and ice data, including daily sea ice extent.
Sea ice extent Sea ice extent — The total area of ocean where sea ice cover crosses a set threshold, used to compare years.
Background
The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, is known as the Outer Space Treaty.
It was adopted by the General Assembly on 19 December 1966 through resolution 2222 (XXI), following the 1963 Declaration of Legal Principles.
It was opened for signature at London, Moscow and Washington on 27 January 1967 and entered into force on 10 October 1967; three Governments (USSR, United Kingdom and United States) assumed the depositary duties.
Outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by any means.
States shall not place in orbit objects carrying nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction.
States bear international responsibility for national space activities, whether carried on by governmental agencies or by non-governmental entities.
Adopted by General Assembly:
19 December 1966, resolution 2222 (XXI)
Opened for signature:
27 January 1967
Entered into force:
10 October 1967
Depositary Governments:
3
Why it matters for exams: The treaty's no-national-appropriation and no-weapons-of-mass-destruction principles and its year of entry into force are favourite space-law questions.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
Depositary Governments Governments with which a treaty's instruments are deposited — For this treaty they are the USSR, the United Kingdom and the United States.
Background
The National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR) was established on the 25th May 1998 as an autonomous Research and Development Institution of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (formerly Department of Ocean Development).
The Centre is designated as the nodal organization for the co-ordination and implementation of the Indian Antarctic Programme.
That includes the maintenance of India's permanent station in Antarctica.
NCPOR is located in Goa.
Year-round maintenance of the two Indian stations, Maitri and Bharati, is its primary responsibility.
Maitri was established in 1989 and Bharati in 2011.
NCPOR established:
25th May 1998
Parent ministry:
Ministry of Earth Sciences
Location:
Goa
Maitri station established:
1989
Bharati station established:
2011
Why it matters for exams: NCPOR, its nodal role and the Maitri and Bharati stations are standard questions on India's polar programme.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
NCPOR National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research — The nodal organization for the Indian Antarctic Programme, located in Goa.
Background
The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) is a statutory authority established under the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016 on 12 July 2016.
It functions under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
The Aadhaar Act 2016 was amended by the Aadhaar and Other Laws (Amendment) Act, 2019, with effect from 25.07.2019.
UIDAI was created to issue Unique Identification numbers (UID), named Aadhaar, to all residents of India.
The number had to be robust enough to eliminate duplicate and fake identities and verifiable and authenticable in an easy, cost-effective way.
Under the Act, UIDAI is responsible for Aadhaar enrolment and authentication, including operation and management of all stages of the Aadhaar life cycle.
Its page says it traces its origins to the 2006 UID initiatives.
Established:
12 July 2016
Parent law:
Aadhaar Act 2016
Amendment Act:
Aadhaar and Other Laws (Amendment) Act, 2019 (14 of 2019)
Amendment in force from:
25.07.2019
Ministry:
Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
Why it matters for exams: UIDAI's statutory basis and its mandate over enrolment and authentication are frequent governance questions.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
UID Unique Identification number — The number issued by UIDAI, named Aadhaar.
Background
The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was set up under the direct charge of the Prime Minister through a Presidential Order on August 3, 1954.
By that order, all business of the Government of India related to atomic energy and to the Central Government's functions under the Atomic Energy Act, 1948 (XXIX of 1948) was to be transacted in the Department.
The Atomic Energy Commission, with full executive and financial powers, was set up by a Government resolution dated March 1, 1958, and is responsible for formulating the Department's policy.
The Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Atomic Energy is ex-officio Chairman of the Commission.
DAE's mandate includes uranium exploration and processing, nuclear fuel fabrication, heavy water production, and the construction and operation of nuclear power plants.
It comprises 6 research centres, including BARC (Mumbai) and IGCAR (Kalpakkam), and 5 public sector undertakings, including NPCIL (Mumbai).
DAE set up (Presidential Order):
August 3, 1954
Atomic Energy Commission set up (Government resolution):
March 1, 1958
Act named in the 1954 order:
Atomic Energy Act, 1948
Research centres:
6
Public sector undertakings:
5
Grant-in-aid institutes:
11
Why it matters for exams: DAE's founding instrument, the 1958 Commission and its constituent units are common science-and-governance questions.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
AEC Atomic Energy Commission — The body set up in 1958 with full executive and financial powers to formulate DAE policy.
NPCIL Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited — One of the 5 public sector undertakings of DAE, based at Mumbai.
Background
In 1875 the Government of India established the India Meteorological Department, bringing all meteorological work in the country under a central authority.
H. F. Blanford was appointed Meteorological Reporter to the Government of India.
The page records Sir John Eliot as the first Director General of Observatories, appointed in May 1889 at the Calcutta headquarters.
The headquarters later shifted to Shimla, then to Poona (now Pune) and finally to New Delhi.
India had older weather stations: Calcutta in 1785 and Madras in 1796, set up by the British East India Company.
Captain Harry Piddington of Calcutta coined the word cyclone, meaning the coil of a snake.
A disastrous tropical cyclone struck Calcutta in 1864, followed by monsoon failures in 1866 and 1871.
Established:
1875
Meteorological Reporter appointed:
H. F. Blanford
Observatory at Calcutta (earlier station):
1785
Observatory at Madras (earlier station):
1796
Headquarters moves:
Calcutta, Shimla, Poona, New Delhi
Why it matters for exams: IMD's 1875 founding and its history of headquarters are recurring science-institution questions.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
IMD India Meteorological Department — The central authority for meteorological work in India, established in 1875.
Background
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is an autonomous organisation under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
It was formerly known as the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research.
It was established on 16 July 1929 as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, in pursuance of the report of the Royal Commission on Agriculture.
Its headquarters are at New Delhi.
Its page describes ICAR as the apex body for co-ordinating, guiding and managing research and education in agriculture including horticulture, fisheries and animal sciences in the entire country.
Its page counts 113 ICAR institutes and 74 agricultural universities.
Established:
16 July 1929
Legal form:
Registered society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860
Headquarters:
New Delhi
ICAR institutes (per its page):
113
Agricultural universities (per its page):
74
Why it matters for exams: ICAR's 1929 origin, legal form and parent department are favourite agriculture-institution questions.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
DARE Department of Agricultural Research and Education — The department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare under which ICAR functions.
Background
DRDO works under the Department of Defence Research and Development of the Ministry of Defence.
Its stated mission is self-reliance in critical defence technologies and equipping the armed forces in accordance with requirements laid down by the three Services.
DRDO was formed in 1958 from the amalgamation of the Technical Development Establishments of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development and Production with the Defence Science Organisation.
It was then a small organisation with 10 establishments or laboratories.
Today it is described as a network of around 41 laboratories and 5 DRDO Young Scientist Laboratories.
Its page names Agni and Prithvi missiles, the Tejas light combat aircraft, the Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher and the Akash air defence system among its indigenous developments.
Its motto is Balasya Mulam Vigyanam.
Formed:
1958
Establishments at formation:
10
Laboratories today (around):
41
Young Scientist Laboratories:
5
Motto:
Balasya Mulam Vigyanam
Why it matters for exams: DRDO's origin, parent department and flagship systems are standard defence-science questions.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
DYSL DRDO Young Scientist Laboratory — A DRDO laboratory in the category of Young Scientist Laboratories counted separately from the around 41 laboratories.
Pinaka Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher — An indigenously developed multi-barrel rocket launcher named on the DRDO page.