3 October 2026
On October 3 the Health Minister said there is no general medicine crisis and that government hospitals have sufficient stock.
The Kerala Medical Services Corporation Limited (KMSCL) buys medicines from manufacturers through tenders and distributes them from its warehouses to government hospitals.
An October 3 analysis in The New Indian Express says the problem is better seen as a disruption in procurement, re-tendering and distribution than as a total shortage.
It notes that shortages are being reported particularly at certain stages of the distribution system, and that district-level health officials have said the more significant shortages are at KMSCL warehouses.
Medicines named as affected include paracetamol, aspirin and certain antibiotics.
The analysis also notes that the Minister had earlier said a number of medicines were in short supply, before later saying there is no general crisis.
Procurement agency:
KMSCL
Date of Minister's statement:
October 3, 2026
Why it matters for exams: KMSCL's role in public-sector drug procurement and the tender-to-warehouse supply chain is a standard health-administration topic.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
KMSCL Kerala Medical Services Corporation Limited — The State agency that procures and distributes medicines and supplies to government hospitals.
Background
Hook: WHO has been issuing the confirmed-case and death figures for the DR Congo Bundibugyo outbreak. WHO is based in Geneva and was established on 7 April 1948. It is an organization of 194 Member States, who elect the Director-General. The World Health Assembly is WHO's highest level decision-making forum, where delegates convene annually to set priorities. The Executive Board is also part of its formal governance. WHO works through 6 Regional Offices and more than 150 country locations.
Headquarters:
Geneva
Established:
7 April 1948
Member States:
194
Highest forum:
World Health Assembly
Why it matters for exams: WHO's structure, seat and governing bodies appear regularly in UN-agency questions.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
World Health Assembly WHO's highest decision-making forum — Delegates convene annually to set WHO's priorities.
3 October 2026
A paper in Nature on 30 September 2026 tracked 9,419 meals eaten by 173 hospitalised patients undergoing blood cancer treatment.
It paired them with 1,009 stool microbiome samples.
Intake of sweets and sugars during antibiotic exposure predicted lowered alpha-diversity and greater expansion of the pathobiont Enterococcus.
Among patients with above-median sugar intake, longer antibiotic duration was linked to higher mortality risk.
In mice, sucrose with antibiotics increased Enterococcus expansion 16.3-fold on day 3 and 33.4-fold on day 6.
Meals tracked:
9,419
Patients:
173
Stool samples:
1,009
Enterococcus expansion in mice, day 6:
33.4-fold
Why it matters for exams: Links diet, antibiotics and the microbiome, a growing health-science theme.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Enterococcus A gut bacterial genus — Here a pathobiont that expands when the microbiome is disrupted.
Dysbiosis Imbalance of gut microbes — Loss of microbial diversity.
3 October 2026
On 28 September 2026 Justice Harisankar V. Menon decided 'In Re Exorbitant Pricing of Life Saving Patented Medicines'.
The case began with a petition by a retired bank employee with metastatic breast cancer seeking affordable Ribociclib; the court continued it suo motu.
The court held that Section 100 of the Patents Act, 1970 lets the government use a patent to make a medicine and supply it on a non-commercial basis.
It directed the Centre to collate data on the affordability of patented medicines.
Whether to invoke Section 100 remains a policy decision for the Central government.
Provision:
Section 100, Patents Act, 1970
Drug in the case:
Ribociclib
Judge:
Justice Harisankar V. Menon
Why it matters for exams: Links the Patents Act, Article 47 and public health policy; a recent Kerala High Court judgment.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Suo motu On its own motion — A court takes up a matter itself without a fresh petitioner.
Article 47 Directive Principle on public health — The State must raise nutrition levels and improve public health.
3 October 2026
Justice Viju Abraham of the Kerala High Court ruled on 30 September 2026 on petitions by George Balu and other post-graduate doctors.
Post-graduates of Government Medical Colleges owe a one-year senior residency bond.
Many were left without a posting for months and could not work elsewhere; the court called this a 'national waste'.
The bond period must run from the date the result is published, whether or not a posting follows soon after.
The State has one month to create additional posts or release the petitioners from the bond.
Judge:
Justice Viju Abraham
Bond:
One year of senior residency
Time given to the State:
One month
Why it matters for exams: A live Kerala High Court ruling on service bonds and the State's duty to post trained doctors.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Senior residency Compulsory post-PG service in a government hospital — Post-graduates of government medical colleges serve one year under a bond.
3 October 2026
A 1-kg mass of hair was removed from the stomach and small intestine of a nine-year-old girl in a rare surgery at NIMS Medicity, Neyyattinkara, near Thiruvananthapuram.
She was admitted with persistent abdominal pain and vomiting; ultrasound and CT scans showed severe intestinal obstruction and an endoscopy confirmed the hair mass.
The surgery was led by Dr Biju I G Nair, senior consultant in the Department of Paediatric Surgery; the girl recovered and was discharged.
A trichobezoar, or hairball, forms when a person repeatedly pulls out and swallows hair, which cannot be digested.
Rapunzel syndrome is the extremely rare condition in which a trichobezoar extends from the stomach into the small intestine; the hospital said fewer than 100 cases have been reported worldwide.
Mass removed:
1 kg of hair
Patient's age:
9 years
Hospital:
NIMS Medicity, Neyyattinkara
Cases reported worldwide:
fewer than 100
Why it matters for exams: Medical terms such as trichobezoar and Rapunzel syndrome appear in general-science and health sections of Kerala PSC and SSC papers.
Kerala PSCSSC
In plain words
Trichobezoar — A hairball formed when swallowed hair accumulates in the stomach.
Rapunzel syndrome — A trichobezoar that extends from the stomach into the small intestine.
3 October 2026
The proposed All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) in Kerala could come up at Velloor in Vaikom, according to MLA K. Binimon, as Mathrubhumi reported on 2 October 2026.
He cited information from Health Minister K. Muraleedharan's office that it is likely to be set up on land owned by Kerala Paper Products Limited (KPPL).
Velloor and Koratty in Thrissur district are among the four locations in the final list the State submitted to the Centre.
Of the 692 acres KPPL owns at Velloor, 227.18 acres can be made available free of cost; an AIIMS needs around 200 acres.
The site has enough space without evicting anyone, and its location in central Kerala counts in its favour.
Malayala Manorama had reported in July that 200 acres could be acquired from KPPL's land at Velloor without difficulty.
Proposed site:
Velloor, Vaikom
KPPL land at Velloor:
692 acres
Available free of cost:
227.18 acres
Land an AIIMS needs:
around 200 acres
Why it matters for exams: Health infrastructure, institutions of national importance and Centre-State project planning are common in Kerala PSC and UPSC questions.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
AIIMS All India Institute of Medical Sciences — A central institute of national importance for medical education, research and tertiary care.
KPPL Kerala Paper Products Limited — The company that owns 692 acres at Velloor, from which land is proposed for the AIIMS.
3 October 2026
On 2 October 2026, at the Dr. Ambedkar International Centre, 662 aids and assistive devices costing over ₹10 lakh were distributed to 114 senior citizens living in Senior Citizen Homes across Delhi-NCR.
Union Minister Dr Virendra Kumar and Minister of State B. L. Verma distributed them under the Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY).
Dr Kumar said devices were given to 904 senior citizens at Bhavnagar, Gujarat on 1 October 2026, the International Day of Older Persons.
The Ministry plans to increase PM-Divya Asha Kendras from 109 to 300.
RVY was launched on 1 April 2017; ALIMCO is its implementing agency.
Devices distributed in Delhi-NCR:
662
Beneficiaries:
114 senior citizens
RVY launched:
1 April 2017
PM-Divya Asha Kendras planned:
From 109 to 300
Why it matters for exams: Welfare schemes for senior citizens and their implementing agencies are regular polity and social-justice questions.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
ALIMCO Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India — The public sector corporation that makes and supplies aids and assistive devices; it implements RVY.
RVY Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana — A scheme that provides aids and assistive devices to senior citizens in need.
2 October 2026
WHO released its latest Global Health Estimates on 2 October 2026, covering 2000 to 2023.
Global life expectancy reached 73.3 years in 2023, close to the 73.4 years recorded in 2019.
Healthy life expectancy reached 62.8 years in 2023, still 0.4 years below its 2019 level.
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) accounted for 74% of deaths in 2023, compared with 58% in 2000.
Ischaemic heart disease alone caused approximately 9.5 million deaths in 2023.
Dementia became the fifth leading cause of death globally in 2023, compared with 19th in 2000.
Life expectancy, 2023:
73.3 years
Healthy life expectancy, 2023:
62.8 years
NCD share of deaths, 2023:
74%
Ischaemic heart disease deaths, 2023:
approximately 9.5 million
Why it matters for exams: WHO health indicators such as life expectancy and the NCD share of deaths are favourite statistics in health and report-based questions.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
NCDs Noncommunicable diseases — Diseases such as diabetes, dementia and heart disease that do not pass from person to person.
DALY Disability-adjusted life year — A measure of years of healthy life lost through premature death and disability.
2 October 2026
A study in Cochrane Evidence Synthesis and Methods, reported by Nature on 2 October 2026, questions a single clinical trial of 40 children in Iran, published in 2006.
The trial found an enormous advantage for Prozac (fluoxetine) over the antidepressant nortriptyline; no other paediatric trial found an effect size close to it.
Re-running the 2016 Lancet and 2020 Lancet Psychiatry meta-analyses without that trial made Prozac's outsized benefit disappear.
The 2021 Cochrane meta-analysis, which found only a small and unimportant advantage over placebo, had happened to leave the trial out.
The authors say guideline committees should review their recommendations, but they stop short of calling on clinicians to stop prescribing it.
Children in the trial:
40
Trial published:
2006
Meta-analyses re-run:
2016 and 2020
Why it matters for exams: Meta-analysis, evidence quality and clinical guidelines are tested in health and science papers.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Meta-analysis Statistical pooling of results from several studies — Its conclusions can swing if one trial with outlying data is included or left out.
2 October 2026
The World Health Organization said repeated delays in bringing medicines, prosthetics and other supplies into Gaza risk serious consequences for patients.
Approved aid can enter the Strip only through Kerem Shalom, while Rafah is open for limited movement of people including patients travelling for treatment abroad.
At least four other entry points remain closed: Kissufim, Gate 96, Erez and Erez West.
Over six months one shipment of prosthetics and assistive devices was rejected four times, while almost 87 per cent of medicines were approved and just over 1 per cent rejected.
The agency asked for unimpeded and predictable entry of health supplies at scale and for a multi-crossing model.
Almost two million people need shelter against the cold and the risk of flooding as winter begins.
Mine action partners said they still lack the permissions and equipment to remove unexploded ordnance hazards identified in the rubble during 37 assessment missions.
Crossing open for aid:
Kerem Shalom
Medicines approved:
almost 87 per cent
People needing shelter:
almost two million
Mine assessment missions:
37
Why it matters for exams: Humanitarian access, crossings and WHO's role in conflict zones are frequently examined.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Dual use Dual-use goods — Items that can serve both civilian and military purposes, and are therefore often restricted at borders.
2 October 2026
The World Health Organization released its Global Health Estimates covering the years 2000 to 2023.
Global life expectancy stood at 73.3 years in 2023, against 73.4 years in 2019.
Healthy life expectancy was 62.8 years in 2023, still 0.4 years below the 2019 figure.
Noncommunicable diseases caused 74 per cent of all deaths in 2023, up from 58 per cent in 2000, and eight of the ten leading causes of death were noncommunicable diseases.
Ischaemic heart disease remained the single largest killer with about 9.5 million deaths and 210 million disability-adjusted life years in 2023.
Dementia moved up to fifth place among causes of death from nineteenth in 2000.
The age-standardised burden of depressive disorders rose by about 20 per cent and of anxiety disorders by about 45 per cent between 2019 and 2023.
Life expectancy (2023):
73.3 years
Healthy life expectancy (2023):
62.8 years
Share of deaths from NCDs:
74 per cent
Deaths from ischaemic heart disease:
about 9.5 million
Why it matters for exams: Global health indicators and WHO datasets are a standing source of questions on health and human development.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
DALY Disability-Adjusted Life Year — One DALY is one year of healthy life lost, counting both early death and years lived in poor health.
NCD Noncommunicable disease — A disease that is not passed from person to person, such as heart disease, cancer or diabetes.
Background
The All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) stands at Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110029. AIIMS records that “The health survey and development committee, chaired by Sir Joseph Bhore, an Indian Civil Servant, had in 1946 already recommended the establishment of a national medical centre which would concentrate on meeting the need for highly qualified manpower to look after the nation's expanding health care activities”. “A generous grant from New Zealand under the Colombo Plan made it possible to lay the foundation stone of All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) in 1952.” “The AIIMS was finally created in 1956, as an autonomous institution through an Act of Parliament, to serve as a nucleus for nurturing excellence in all aspect of health care.” It was “established as an institution of national importance by an Act of Parliament”, with the objects of developing patterns of undergraduate and postgraduate medical teaching, bringing educational facilities of the highest order together in one place, and attaining self-sufficiency in postgraduate medical education. As provided in the Act, AIIMS awards its own degrees. “Teaching and research are conducted in 42 disciplines”, and AIIMS reports “more than 600 research publications by its faculty and researchers in a year”. “Twenty-five clinical departments including four super specialty centers” handle patient care. AIIMS “also manages a 60-beded hospital in the Comprehensive Rural Health Centre at Ballabgarh in Haryana and provides health cover to about 2.5 lakh population through the Centre for Community Medicine”.
Chairman of the committee that recommended a national medical centre:
Sir Joseph Bhore
Plan under which the New Zealand grant came:
Colombo Plan
Year the foundation stone was laid:
1952
Disciplines in which teaching and research are conducted:
42 disciplines
Clinical departments and super specialty centres:
Twenty-five clinical departments including four super specialty centers
Rural hospital AIIMS manages at Ballabgarh:
60-beded hospital
Why it matters for exams: The Bhore Committee, the Colombo Plan grant and the status of an institution of national importance set up by an Act of Parliament are three separate syllabus points that meet in AIIMS New Delhi, which is why it is asked about in both health and polity sections.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
institution of national importance status conferred by an Act of Parliament — A body created by Parliament that sets its own academic standards and grants its own degrees.
Colombo Plan cooperative plan for economic development in South and South-East Asia — An aid and technical cooperation arrangement among member countries, under which New Zealand's grant for AIIMS came.
Background
The Press Information Bureau records that the Jal Jeevan Mission was launched by the Prime Minister on August 15, 2019.
At that point only 3.23 crore, or 17%, of rural households had tap water connections.
The mission's broad objectives include providing a Functional Household Tap Connection to every rural household.
It prioritises such connections in quality-affected areas, drought-prone regions, desert areas and Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana villages.
It also covers functional tap connections in schools, Anganwadi centres, gram panchayat buildings, health and wellness centres and community buildings.
Source sustainability measures such as recharge, greywater reuse, water conservation and rainwater harvesting are mandatory elements of the mission.
Under the Har Ghar Jal initiative a village is certified only after a Gram Sabha resolution is passed verifying the water supply.
Launched on:
August 15, 2019
Rural households with tap water at launch:
3.23 crore (17%)
Core target:
Functional Household Tap Connection to every rural household
Certification under Har Ghar Jal:
Gram Sabha resolution after verifying the water supply
Why it matters for exams: The launch date, the 17 per cent baseline, the Functional Household Tap Connection target and the Gram Sabha certification step are the examinable parts of the mission.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
FHTC Functional Household Tap Connection — A household tap that actually delivers water, the unit in which the mission measures coverage.
SAGY Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana — A programme of model villages adopted by Members of Parliament, prioritised by the mission.
Greywater Greywater — Used household water from washing and bathing, which the mission requires to be managed and reused.
Background
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare records that Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana was launched on 23rd September 2018.
It is described as the world's largest Government funded health assurance scheme.
The scheme provides health assurance of up to Rs.5 Lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary healthcare hospitalizations.
It is a completely cashless and paperless scheme, and the benefits are portable across the country.
There is no cap on family size, or age or gender.
The beneficiary families were identified from the Socio Economic Caste Census of 2011 on the basis of select deprivation and occupational criteria across rural and urban areas.
Households without shelter and legally released bonded labour are among the categories automatically included.
Launched on:
23rd September 2018
Cover:
Up to Rs.5 Lakh per family per year
Care covered:
Secondary and tertiary healthcare hospitalizations
Cap on family size, age or gender:
None
Beneficiary identification:
Socio Economic Caste Census of 2011
Why it matters for exams: The launch date, the Rs.5 lakh cover, the absence of a family size cap and the SECC 2011 basis for selection are the standard PM-JAY questions.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
SECC Socio Economic Caste Census — The 2011 survey whose deprivation and occupational criteria were used to pick PM-JAY beneficiary families.
Tertiary care Tertiary healthcare — Specialised hospital care usually needing advanced facilities and specialists.
2 October 2026
The World Health Organization published a Disease Outbreak News update on 25 September 2026 on the outbreak of Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. As of 23 September 2026, 7,890 confirmed cases and 3,799 deaths had been reported, a case fatality ratio of 48.1 per cent. The outbreak covers 63 health zones in seven provinces: Bas-Uele, Haut-Uele, Ituri, North Kivu, South Kivu, Sud-Ubangi and Tshopo. Ituri remains the worst affected with 6,032 cumulative cases. WHO said the continuously high case fatality ratio, and in particular the continuing high share of deaths occurring in communities rather than in care, shows the seriousness of the disease. WHO assessed the risk as very high within the Democratic Republic of the Congo, high for bordering countries and low at the regional and global levels, noting the spread to previously unaffected areas and the risk of cross-border transmission to South Sudan and other neighbours. There are no approved vaccines or specific treatments for Bundibugyo virus disease, so the response rests on case isolation, contact tracing and infection prevention and control.
Confirmed cases:
7,890
Deaths:
3,799
Case fatality ratio:
48.1%
Health zones affected:
63 in seven provinces
Worst affected province:
Ituri, 6,032 cumulative cases
Why it matters for exams: Outbreak figures, the case fatality ratio and WHO's risk grading are directly examined, as is the fact that Bundibugyo virus disease has no approved vaccine.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
CFR Case fatality ratio — The share of people with a confirmed disease who die of it.
DON Disease Outbreak News — WHO's official bulletin reporting verified information on disease outbreaks of international concern.
Contact tracing Contact tracing — Finding and following up the people a patient has been in contact with, to stop further spread.
2 October 2026
The Food Safety Department shut down 74 food establishments in Kerala and seized and destroyed 1,436.4 litres of cooking oil in a statewide drive against the repeated reuse of frying oil.
Under Operation Thelima, 142 special squads inspected 1,834 food establishments across all 14 districts on September 29 and 30.
Health and Devaswom Minister K. Muraleedharan said adjudication proceedings have been recommended against 19 establishments, and 147 improvement and rectification notices were issued on hygiene, licensing and food safety practices.
The squads began inspections at 4 p.m., when the preparation and sale of fried snacks increase, and targeted roadside eateries, tea shops, street food stalls and snack-making units.
Officials used Total Polar Compounds meters and mobile food testing laboratories, and 74 samples were tested on the spot.
Under food safety standards, cooking oil with a TPC level above 25 per cent cannot be used for preparing food.
Used cooking oil must be handed over to authorised agencies for biodiesel production.
Establishments inspected:
1,834
Establishments shut:
74
Cooking oil destroyed:
1,436.4 litres
TPC limit:
25%
Special squads:
142
Why it matters for exams: Food safety enforcement drives and the 25 per cent TPC limit are standard questions in Kerala PSC general awareness papers.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
TPC Total Polar Compounds — A measure of how far cooking oil has degraded from repeated heating.
Adjudication proceedings Adjudication proceedings — A quasi-judicial process under food safety law in which a designated officer decides on penalties.
Background
Goal 6 of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals is ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
1.8 billion people still do not have drinking water on-premises.
3.4 billion people, nearly half the world's population, still lacked safely managed sanitation, including 354 million who practiced open defecation.
Improving access to water, sanitation and hygiene can save 1.4 million lives per year.
Better water, sanitation and hygiene could prevent the deaths of around 1,000 children under 5 per day.
Approximately 10 percent of the global population lives in countries with high or critical water stress.
Water-related disasters have dominated the list of disasters over the past 50 years and account for 70% of all deaths related to natural disasters.
44% of household wastewater is not treated properly, and 72% of all freshwater withdrawals are used by agriculture.
In July 2010 the United Nations General Assembly recognized the human right to water and sanitation.
Without drinking water on-premises:
1.8 billion people
Lacking safely managed sanitation:
3.4 billion people, including 354 million practising open defecation
Lives that could be saved each year:
1.4 million
Share of deaths from natural disasters:
70% are water-related
Freshwater withdrawals used by agriculture:
72%
Right to water recognized:
July 2010, by the UN General Assembly
Why it matters for exams: These are the headline global water and sanitation figures the UN itself publishes, and SDG 6 is a standard question.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
SDG 6 Sustainable Development Goal 6 — Availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
Safely managed sanitation Use of improved facilities where waste is safely disposed of or treated — A stricter measure than simply having a toilet.
Water stress Demand for water exceeding the available supply — About 10 percent of the world lives in countries with high or critical water stress.
2 October 2026
The radioactive legacy of United States nuclear bomb testing in the Marshall Islands was taken up at the Human Rights Council on Thursday.
The Council addressed the impact of 67 known tests conducted between 1946 and 1958.
UN deputy rights chief Awa Dabo said the legacy lives on in the bodies of Marshallese people and in "lands poisoned and communities displaced".
She said justice must be served for people unable to return to the atolls contaminated by the detonations.
Virtually every Marshallese family has been touched by enduring health consequences, which include elevated rates of cancer, she said.
Ms Dabo called on United States authorities to declassify data on radiation exposure and testing records.
The issue was also raised this week at a high-level General Assembly meeting.
Known tests:
67
Years of testing:
1946 to 1958
UN official who spoke:
Awa Dabo, UN deputy rights chief
Why it matters for exams: Bikini Atoll and the Marshall Islands tests are standard examples in questions on nuclear disarmament and the Pacific.
Kerala PSCUPSC
In plain words
Atoll A ring-shaped coral island enclosing a lagoon — Bikini and Enewetak in the Marshall Islands were used as test sites.
Human Rights Council UN body of 47 member states based in Geneva — It examines human rights situations and reports to the General Assembly.
2 October 2026
The Press Information Bureau issued a backgrounder on innovation in India's public toilets on 2 October 2026, with the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs as its reference; the Swachh Bharat Mission was launched on 2 October 2014 and the feature marks its completing twelve years.
The Toilets 2.0 initiative, begun in 2022 under Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban, works to make Community and Public Toilets safe, clean and inviting for everyone.
In Navi Mumbai, the Aspirational Toilets at Sector 14, Koparkhairane use 426 square metres of recycled plastic sheeting, including 5.3 metric tonnes of single-use plastic, and are used by about 8,000 to 9,000 visitors a day.
Bengaluru's Sthree Toilet at the KSRTC Majestic bus terminal is built from a scrap bus and serves women exclusively, and has proved especially helpful for mothers travelling with young children.
Bhopal's Freshrooms are sensor-based smart lounges; the Smart Lounge at 10 Number Market covers 800 to 1,000 square feet and serves 500 to 1,000 visitors a day.
In Tirupati, the Pink Toilet Complex serves 12,000 to 15,000 users daily and the Common Public Toilet Complex near the railway station caters to 20,000 to 25,000 devotees daily.
Swachh Bharat Mission launched:
2 October 2014
Toilets 2.0 begun:
2022, under Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban
Navi Mumbai single-use plastic reused:
5.3 metric tonnes
Tirupati Common Public Toilet Complex users:
20,000-25,000 daily
Why it matters for exams: The Swachh Bharat Mission launch date and the Toilets 2.0 initiative under SBM-Urban are standard scheme facts.
Kerala PSCUPSCSSC
In plain words
SBM-U Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban — The urban arm of the national sanitation mission, run by the Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry.
CT/PT Community and Public Toilets — Shared toilet facilities for neighbourhoods and for people on the move.